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北宋初年儒释道三教融合简论文

BEIJING, Feb. 23 (Xinhua) -- China and Vietnam Monday marked the final demarcation of their land border at the Youyiguan border gate in Pingxiang City in south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.     The completion of the demarcation would be conducive to peace and stability of the border area, promote trade and exchanges, and push forward their comprehensive and strategic partnership of the two countries, said a statement from China's Foreign Ministry.     The 1,300-kilometer border starts at the junction of China, Vietnam and Laos and continues along the Beilun River to the coast. Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are on Chinese side, and Cao Bang, Lang Son, Dien Bien, Lai Chau, Lao Cai, Ha Giang, Guang Ninh are in Vietnam.     In the late 19th Century, China's Qing Dynasty and the French colonial administration in Vietnam concluded a treaty delineating the border. The border negotiations started in the 1970s and were suspended later that decade. Chinese State Councilor Dai Bingguo (L, C) shakes hands with Vietnamese Deputy Prime Minister Pham Gia Khiem after unveiling the No. 1116 boundary marker in Pingxiang City in south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, opposite to Lang Son City of Vietnam, Feb. 23, 2009. China and Vietnam Monday marked the final demarcation of their land border at the Youyiguan border gate in Pingxiang City in south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. More than 400 government officials and about 400 representatives from both countries, including those who attended the land border demarcation, were present at a ceremony after the demarcation. In the early 1990s, China and Vietnam resumed negotiations, and agreed to discuss a new treaty based on that signed in the 19th Century. They finalized the land boundary treaty on Dec. 30, 1999.They started demarcation work in 2001 and finished late last year.     The China-Vietnam joint committee for land border demarcation was established by both governments in November 2001. The committee was in charge of border demarcation and marker planting as well as drafting a protocol on border demarcation and marker planting.     The joint committee comprised 12 joint working teams. These teams were responsible for on-site demarcation work. In December 2001, the first marker on the border was installed at the Mong Cai-Dong Xing border gate.     The two sides reached an agreement on the remaining issues related to the land boundary survey on Dec. 31, 2008. The agreement achieved the goal set by leaders of China and Vietnam to complete the survey and the erection of boundary markers this year. Chinese State Councilor Dai Bingguo (4th R) shakes hands with Vietnamese Deputy Prime Minister Pham Gia Khiem on the ceremony marking the completion of land border demarcation and the erection of boundary markers in Pingxiang City in south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, opposite to Lang Son City of Vietnam, Feb. 23, 2009. China and Vietnam Monday marked the final demarcation of their land border at the Youyiguan border gate in Pingxiang City in south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. More than 400 government officials and about 400 representatives from both countries, including those who attended the land border demarcation, were present at a ceremony after the demarcation. During the eight-year effort, Chinese and Vietnamese officials worked almost one million days on the demarcation work and held 14rounds of meetings between the heads of the two governmental-level delegations, 34 rounds joint committee's meetings and 15 rounds of expert group meetings, which enabled the completion of the demarcation along the entire length of China-Vietnam land border with 2,000 border markers erected.     Advanced technologies were applied in the demarcation work, such as the geography information, global positioning and remote sensing systems, which ensured the accuracy of the demarcation work and a clear borderline.     The outcome was achieved under the direction of leaders of the two countries, said the ministry statement. It was also the result of concerted efforts of government delegations, experts, departments such as ministries of foreign affairs, national defense, public security, finance, survey-cartography and provinces along both sides of the border. Chinese State Councilor Dai Bingguo (L) shakes hands with Vietnamese Deputy Prime Minister Pham Gia Khiem after the ceremony marking the completion of land border demarcation and the erection of boundary markers in Pingxiang City in south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, opposite to Lang Son City of Vietnam, Feb. 23, 2009. China and Vietnam Monday marked the final demarcation of their land border at the Youyiguan border gate in Pingxiang City in south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. More than 400 government officials and about 400 representatives from both countries, including those who attended the land border demarcation, were present at a ceremony after the demarcationWorking staff from the joint survey teams also contributed to the success, working with extraordinary difficulties caused by complicated landscapes and bad weather conditions.     The two sides resolved complicated issues in a frank and friendly manner, said the statement.     By taking into account mutual concerns and trying to mitigate negative impacts on the lives and production of residents along the border, they finally achieved a mutually beneficial result. A ceremony marking the completion of land border demarcation and the erection of boundary markers is held in Pingxiang City in south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, opposite to Lang Son City of Vietnam, Feb. 23, 2009. China and Vietnam Monday marked the final demarcation of their land border at the Youyiguan border gate in Pingxiang City in south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. More than 400 government officials and about 400 representatives from both countries, including those who attended the land border demarcation, were present at a ceremony after the demarcation.

BEIJING, March 10 (Xinhua) -- Lhasa is stable, and troops there are in normal state, said Qiangba Puncog, chairman of the Tibet regional government, on Tuesday.     "I was told in a phone talk with Lhasa in the noon that the whole city is stable and troops are in normal state as usual," he said in Beijing after a plenary meeting of the National People's Congress.     He told Xinhua that he absolutely agrees with President Hu Jintao's remarks on Monday when Hu called for a "Great Wall of stability in Tibet."     "It (Hu's call) is a good and long-term consideration," said Qiangba Puncog.     On March 10, 1959, an armed rebellion was staged by the upper ruling class in Tibet in an attempt to preserve the old serfdom. The rebellion was quickly foiled by the People's Liberation Army, and the central government then decided to begin a democratic reform which put an end to serfdom and the theocratic regime.     Qiangba Puncog said that the ** Lama and his secessionists clique have kept on smearing the central government and the Tibetan regional government over the past 50 years, but time and facts would prove what they said are nothing but purely lies.     "They always lie that more than 1 million Tibetans had been killed in the past 50 years, but the truth is that the population in Tibet increased from 1.2 million in 1959 to 2.87 million in 2008," he said, adding Tibetans and people from other ethnic minorities now account for more than 95 percent of the population in the autonomous region.     "The fabrication of the so-called 'genocide' in Tibet has become a stock-in-trade for them to cheat the world," he said.

BEIJING, March 26 (Xinhua) -- China's central bank governor has spoken highly of the government's rapid responses to the current global financial crisis, featuring decisively adopting a proactive fiscal policy and an adaptively easing monetary policy, and launching a bundle of timely, targeted and temporary policies and measures.     The prompt, decisive and effective policy measures adopted by the Chinese government demonstrates "its superior system advantage when it comes to making vital policy decisions," says Zhou Xiaochuan, president of the People's Bank of China (PBC), in an article entitled "Changing Pro-cyclicality for Financial and Economic Stability."     It is Zhou's third article published on the central bank's official website (WWW.PBC.GOV.CN) this week to discuss the issue of the current global financial crisis. His first and second articles, published on Monday and Tuesday, are entitled "Reform the International Monetary System" and "On Savings Ratio," respectively.     In the third article, the 61-year old central bank governor tries to find out the root causes for the current financial crisis, including but not limited to lessons on monetary policy, financial sector regulations, accounting rules.     The top Chinese banker says he wants to stimulate debate and discussions on some of the pro-cyclical features in the system, possible remedial measures, and how monetary and fiscal authorities can play their professional roles at times of severe market distress.     "Financial crises normally originate in the accumulation of bubbles and their subsequent bursts. Usually, economists pay a lot of attentions to pro-cyclicality on the macro level.     However, on the micro level, there are quite a number of notable pro-cyclical features embedded in the market structure today, which should be addressed as we deal with the current crisis and reform the financial system," he says.     Zhou suggests that in the current market structure, more counter-cyclical mechanisms or negative feedback loops on micro-level should be put in place to sustain a more stable financial system.     In the article, he notes that rating problems and herding phenomenon arise from outsourcing.     The global financial system relies heavily on the external credit ratings for investment decisions and risk management, giving rise to a prominent feature of pro-cyclicality, according to the central bank governor.     "Economic upswings produce euphoria and downturns generate pessimism," he says, "Many market players adopting ratings from the three agencies and using them as the yardstick for operations and internal performance assessments clearly result in a massive "herd behavior" at the institutional level."     Zhou points out that some market players seem to have forgotten that the ratings are no more than indicators of default probabilities based on past experiences but were never meant to be guarantees for the future, he says. "Once problems take place, as we have seen during the current crisis, fingers are pointed to the rating agencies," he says.     He suggests that financial institutions should try to rely more on internal rating in assessing risks.     He calls for giving full play to the professional role of authorities in maintaining overall financial stability and establishing a counter-cyclical mechanism for capital requirement     "To stabilize markets under severe stress, finance ministries and central banks need to act fast and apply extraordinary measures," he says, "Untimely or delayed response falls behind the curve and would make the outcome less than desired even if the response is correct and strong."     In modern Western societies, a prolonged political process for mandates to finance ministries or central banks often miss the best timing for action, Zhou says, adding, "We have observed such cases during the current crisis."     He suggests that governments and legislatures may consider giving pre-authorized mandates to ministries of finance and central banks to use extraordinary means to contain systemic risk under well-defined stress scenarios, in order to allow them to act boldly and expeditiously without having to go through a lengthy or even painful approval process.     "Such systematic pre-authorized mandates would put the specialized expertise of finance ministries and central banks to the best use when markets need it the most," he stresses.     The central bank governor attributes China's current success in easing the impacts of the crisis to the country's financial sector reform and ongoing macroeconomic stimulus measures     In 2003, fully aware of the systemic vulnerabilities of China's banking industry, the Chinese government made a courageous and strategic decision to restructure the four state-owned commercial banks, says Zhou, who took over as the PBC governor in late 2002.     In the article, Zhou gives a look back on the reforms of the country's major banks and security industry.     But he warns, "We should bear in mind that despite the notable achievements in banking reform, the major banks have not gone through a full business cycle and still have much to improve. An economic slowdown will be the ultimate stress test for the robustness of the banks' strengths."     According to the bank governor, irrespective of China's sound financial sector, the Chinese economy, especially the export sector, has felt the impact brought by the slowdown of the global economy.     He praises the Chinese government for its plans to stimulate domestic demand and promote stable and relatively rapid economic growth, including the extra investment of 4 trillion yuan (685 billion U.S. dollars) in over two years, the ten measures to revitalize the industrial sectors, and other bolster measures to increase money supply, promote employment, reform taxes and medical and healthcare system.     "Having taken the above-mentioned measures, China expect to maintain stable economic growth by boosting domestic demand and reducing dependence on external demand, thus serving as a stabilizing force in global economy," Zhou says.     In overall, the macroeconomic measures have produced preliminary result and some leading indicators are pointing to recovery of economic growth, indicating that rapid decline in growth has been curbed, he concludes.

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BEIJING, Feb. 4 (Xinhua) -- Chinese and overseas reporters are invited to cover the upcoming annual sessions of the National People's Congress (NPC) and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).     The 2nd session of the 11th National People's Congress and the 2nd session of the 11th National Committee of the CPPCC are to be convened on March 5 and March 3 in Beijing respectively, announced the general offices of the NPC Standing Committee and the CPPCC National Committee.     A media center will be opened on Feb. 26 for the two meetings at the Media Center Hotel to serve the needs of journalists, the offices said.     Chinese and resident foreign reporters should submit their applications for reporting passes before March 5 to the media center while foreign reporters temporarily in China for the "two sessions" should apply at Chinese embassies or visa organizations authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.     The Hong Kong and Macao offices of the China Travel Services are authorized to handle applications from Taiwan reporters.     Reporters from Hong Kong and Macao should apply at the central government's liaison offices in the two special administrative regions.     Two websites were opened Wednesday to help domestic and overseas journalists report the "two sessions" as the country's top-level political events are drawing near.

BEIJING, Feb. 9 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Vice Premier Li Keqiang said Monday that employment and people's livelihood should be guaranteed.     Li, also a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, made the remarks when visiting the southern Guangdong Province, a major base for export-oriented manufacturers that had provided jobs for many migrant workers.     Li highlighted the importance of providing stable job opportunities, asking local governments to make every effort to support steady production of manufacturers and thus ensure employment.     Professional training and employment guidance should be given to job seekers, especially migrant workers, to help them maintain their incomes, said Li.     He also urged local authorities to strengthen support to enterprises and help them develop new markets and upgrade their technology.Chinese Vice Premier Li Keqiang (2nd L, front), who is also a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, visits Yantian Port in Shenzhen, south China's Guangdong Province, Feb. 7, 2009. Li Keqiang paid a visit to Guangdong Province from Feb. 6 through 9.

RAYONG, Thailand, April 10 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao arrived here Friday to attend the East Asia Summit and related meetings in a bid to promote regional cooperation to confront the global financial crisis.     The premier's trip is aimed at enhancing mutual trust between China and east Asian countries, promote regional cooperation and boost determination and confidence to jointly tackle the crisis, which has dealt a heavy blow to the Asian economy. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao (L Front) arrives in Phatthaya, Thailand, April 10, 2009. Wen's trip from April 10 to 12 will be highlighted by a series of meetings in Phatthaya of Thailand, including the 12th China-Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Summit, the 12th summit between the ASEAN and China, Japan and South Korea, the 4th East Asia Summit, and China-Japan-South Korea Breakfast Meeting.    Wen's trip from April 10 to 12 will be highlighted by a series of meetings in Pattaya, Thailand, including the 12th China-the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Summit, the 12th summit between the ASEAN and China, Japan and South Korea, the 4th East Asia Summit, and a China-Japan-South Korea Breakfast Meeting.     His entourage includes Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi; Zhang Ping, chairman of the National Development and Reform Commission; Finance Minister Xie Xuren; Commerce Minister Chen Deming; Xie Fuzhan, director of the Research Office of the State Council; Chinese Ambassador to the ASEAN Xue Hanqin; Qiu Xiaoxiong, vice secretary-general of the State Council and director of the premier's office; and Assistant Foreign Minister Hu Zhengyue.  Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao (L Front) arrives in Phatthaya, Thailand, April 10, 2009. Wen's trip from April 10 to 12 will be highlighted by a series of meetings in Phatthaya of Thailand, including the 12th China-Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Summit, the 12th summit between the ASEAN and China, Japan and South Korea, the 4th East Asia Summit, and China-Japan-South Korea Breakfast Meeting.

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BEIJING, Feb. 12 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin held in-depth exchanges of views over the phone on Thursday on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.     Wen said the ongoing unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on the world's economic and political structure, and brought difficulties to the development of China and Russia.     As strategic partners for cooperation, China and Russia should enhance coordination and cooperation, which has important significance not only for the two countries but the world at large, Wen said.     He said China and Russia enjoy firm mutual trust and have huge potential for cooperation in such fields as the economy, trade, energy, science, and technology. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao (L) meets with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in Moscow, capital of Russia, Oct. 28, 2008. Wen Jiabao and Putin held talks here Tuesday at the 13th regular meeting between Chinese and Russian prime ministers.    The two countries share broad consensus on many major issues including the overhaul of the international financial system, Wen said.     With firm belief and positive actions, we are sure to overcome the financial crisis, he said.     China is willing to take the opportunity of the 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations to enhance high-level exchanges with Russia, actively promote cooperation on major projects, successfully hold cultural activities such as the Year of Russian Language in China and the Year of Chinese Language in Russia, and strengthen coordination and cooperation in international affairs in efforts to promote the China-Russia strategic partnership of cooperation to a higher level, Wen said.     Putin said Russia always attaches great importance to the China-Russia strategic partnership of cooperation.     In the current situation, Russia is willing to work with China to strengthen high-level exchanges and communication, and promote cooperation in areas such as the economy, trade and energy, Putin said.     He said Russia is willing to make joint efforts with China to ensure the success of celebrations for the 60th anniversary of diplomatic relations and the Years of the Chinese and Russian Languages to promote the further development of China-Russia relations.

BEIJING, April 5 (Xinhua) -- China has approved 43 corporate bonds in the first quarter, a sharp rise from the same period last year, in support of the massive construction plan involved in the 4 trillion yuan (584.8 billion U.S. dollars) stimulus package, according to the data released by the depository house for China's major bonds.     The 43 corporate bonds, of which five were issued by the central State-owned enterprises, totaled 66.73 billion yuan in value, according to the China Government Securities Depository Trust and Clearing Co., Ltd.     In contrast, only 11 such bonds were approved by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the approving agency, in the first half of last year.     Experts said more such bonds were allowed in a bid to echo the government's 4 trillion yuan stimulus package, which needed huge sums of money to power the massive infrastructure construction andother new projects.     Of the total 4 trillion yuan investment, 1.18 trillion yuan is supplied by the central government. The rest will be financed by local governments and the private capital.     Considering the huge demand by enterprises, NDRC would expand the corporate bond issuance scale to ensure economic growth, an NDRC official told Shanghai Securities News on Saturday.     He said NDRC was working overtime to access the piled-up applications. Money raised by the bond issuance should not be used to make risky investment including shares, futures and real estate, the official stressed.     Companies involved in the construction of infrastructure, sewage treatment, and energy saving would be given priority to issue debt, according to the official.     Based on the current momentum, the total corporate bond sales would likely to top 300 billion yuan this year, analyst with the China Securities Co., Ltd told the newspaper.     Although the bond sales was less than 70 billion yuan in the first quarter, but local governments and non-listed companies have shown great willingness to lend more. The bond sales is expected to peak in the latter of the year, said the analyst.     Chinese government has been cautious on corporate debt issuance as the country lacks comprehensive legal system for bond market.     Only 236.7 billion yuan of corporate bond were issued last year, compared with 812.5 billion yuan of treasury bond sales.

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BEIJING, April 17 (Xinhua) -- Top Chinese political advisor Jia Qinglin Friday called for actively promoting friendly religious exchanges with the outside world on an equal base but firmly stemming foreign infiltration in the name of religion.     Jia, chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), made the remarks when addressing a seminar on religious work for ministerial and provincial level officials.     "The Party and the government have always attached great importance to religious work," said Jia, also member of the Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee Political Bureau.     The CPC Central Committee has made "a series of major decisions and arrangements as well as new achievements in religious work, while the country's religious sector has maintained a united and stable situation," he said.     Jia, however, warned that officials should pay high attention to some new situations and developments in the country's religious field, along with the developments and changes in international and domestic situation, and deal with them in a proper way.     He called for firmly implementing central decisions and arrangements, going all out to safeguard harmony and stability in the religious sector, and making maximal efforts to unite both religious and non-religious people and encourage them to devote themselves to the socialist cause with China's own characteristics.     The workshop was organized jointly by the Organizational Department and the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee, the State Administration of Religious Affairs, and the National School of Administration.

BEIJING, Feb. 28 (Xinhua) -- China on Saturday urged Japan to proceed with discretion in word and deed over the Diaoyu Islands issue.     Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi expatiated China's stance over the issue when holding talks with his Japanese counterpart Hirofumi Nakasone, urging Japan to act with discretion in word and deed over the Diaoyu Islands issue.     Nakasone arrived here Saturday afternoon for his two-day visit to China.     During the talks, both sides made candid and in-depth exchange of views over regional and international issues of common concern, and agreed to fulfil the consensus reached by leaders of the two countries and maintain steady development of China-Japan relations.     Both sides agreed to strengthen cooperation in bilateral, regional and international issues to cope with the international financial crisis, noting that their cooperation is in the interests of both peoples, and conducive to the world peace, stability and development.     Before his China tour, Nakasone said, in the wake of Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso's remarks on Thursday, that the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and The United States was applicable to the Diaoyu Islands.     Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Ma Zhaoxu rejected Nakasone's remarks later in a press release, saying that any words and deeds that bringing the Diaoyu Islands into the scope of the Japan-U.S. Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty are absolutely unacceptable for the Chinese people.     Ma stressed that the Diaoyu Islands and adjacent islets had been Chinese territories since ancient times and China held "indisputable" sovereignty over the islands.