保护古建筑的倡议书

民事诉讼契约的性质及效力研究

BEIJING, Feb. 13 -- Chinese banks issued 1.62 trillion yuan (7 billion) in new loans in January, up 101 percent year-on-year, prompting some economists to say the government might not cut interest rates for the time being to boost the economy.     The massive jump in lending is equal to about one-third of the loans issued in the whole of 2008, a year that began on a generally tight credit line, the central bank said yesterday. M2, which includes cash and all types of deposits and indicates overall liquidity in the financial system, grew in January, too, by 18.8 percent year-on-year. It increased 17.8 percent in December.     The massive growth in lending comes at a time when banks are rushing to cherry-pick the juiciest stimulus-package projects, especially major infrastructure ones that need long-term investment, the economists said. Chinese banks issued 1.62 trillion yuan (7 billion) in new loans in January, up 101 percent year-on-year    The government announced a 6-billion package on November 9 to boost domestic demand and shore up investment. Though the central government will shoulder one-third of the cost, banks will play an important role in financing the construction of bridges, railways and highways.     "The banks are fighting for the best projects in the government's stimulus package," said Ha Jiming, chief economist of China International Capital Corp. "It's not surprising to see that an array of the deals were sealed in the past month."     "The massive lending growth minimizes the need to further cut interest rates heftily," said Lian Ping, chief economist with Bank of Communications. "The liquidity problem should ease with such a growth."     The central bank has cut the benchmark lending rate by 2.16 percentage points in the past four months and reduced the deposit reserve requirement ratio in order to ensure there's enough liquidity in the market to boost the economy.     The growth in lending could also prove to be a blessing for cash-strapped domestic enterprises trying to stay afloat amid shrinking overseas demand and waning consumer confidence.     Central bank figures show bill financing, which supplies working capital, accounted for 39 percent of the new loans.     Medium and long-term corporate loans made up 32 percent.     "It (growth) reduces the default risks of domestic firms, which in turn eases worries over bank asset quality at least in the short term," said Sun Mingchun, an economist with Nomura International.     The economists said the dramatic rise in lending could be partly attributed to pent-up demand for loans last year.     The central bank had imposed a curb on lending till November last year to combat inflation and prevent the economy from overheating.     That left "many firms, especially small- and medium-sized ones, facing a severe cash flow problem", Sun said.     Policymakers lifted the curb in November and raised the target for M2 growth to 17 percent for 2009, up from 16 percent that had been in practice since 2006.     The move is expected to ensure there's enough liquidity in the market to spur investment and boost the economy, whose growth dropped to a seven-year low of 6.8 percent in the fourth quarter last year.     "Credit expansion in the first quarter of this year is expected to be very high because banks can maximize investment returns by front-loading new loans," said Jing Ulrich, managing director and chairwoman of China Equities at JP Morgan.     But Ulrich cautioned against a possible rise in credit risk because the increase in liquidity could cause a sharp rise in banks' non-performing loans.

BEIJING, March 23 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao held talks with his visiting Uruguayan counterpart Tabare Vazquez here Monday. They agreed to promote bilateral relations to a higher level. Chinese President Hu Jintao (L) hosts a welcoming ceremony for Uruguayan President Tabare Vazquez at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China, March 23, 2009.During the meeting, Uruguay recognized the full market status of Chinese economy, according to press release from the Chinese Foreign Ministry.     Hu spoke positively about Uruguay's adherence to the one-China policy and its firm support on issues concerning Taiwan and Tibet. He highlighted the rapid growth of bilateral relations since the two forged diplomatic relationship 21 years ago.     China has become the third biggest trading partner of Uruguay and the two sides have enjoyed close coordination and cooperation in regional and international issues, Hu said.     Vazquez said the two countries have made important progress in cooperation in various fields since they established diplomatic relations.     The two sides share broad consensus on many major issues. Both sides support peaceful resolution to international disputes and oppose interference of other country's internal affairs, Vazquez said.     The growth of bilateral relations will serve the interests of both nations and their peoples, Vazquez added.     Hu suggested the two sides strengthen political relations and expand dialogues at various levels. He also called for expanded cooperation in investment, trade and technology for their mutual benefits.     He named agriculture, fishery, product quality inspection, software and engineering technology consultation as fields where cooperation should be strengthened.     "The Chinese government encourages its companies to start businesses and invest in Uruguay and is willing to boost bilateral cooperation in energy, information technology industry, biological technology and agricultural technology", Hu said.     He also proposed the two nations boost cultural and people-to-people exchanges by expanding cooperation in culture, education, sports, media, and tourism sectors.     "China will make joint efforts with developing countries, including Uruguay, to address global challenges such as the current international financial crisis in an aim to maintain and promote peace, stability and development", the Chinese president said.     He added that China supports the integration process of the Common Market of the South and is willing to develop friendly and cooperative ties with its member states.     The two heads of the state also consulted on the international financial crisis.     Hu said China is willing to strengthen cooperation with developing countries including Uruguay to jointly face up to various global challenges such as the financial crisis, and safeguard and promote peace, stability and development across the world.     He said China attaches high importance to the G20 Summit scheduled for April 2 in London and is committed to intensifying dialogue and communication with the participating parties to ensure the summit will produce positive outcomes.     Vazquez stressed the necessity for the establishment of a new international financial order and expressed his hope the summit will lead to positive results that will help alleviate the impact of the financial crisis on developing countries.     After the talks, the two presidents witnessed a signing of a number of bilateral agreements.     At the invitation of Hu, Vazquez arrived in Beijing Saturday morning for a six-day state visit.     Vazquez will leave Beijing for a visit to Shanghai on March 24.     This is President Vazquez's first visit to China since he took office in 2005.

BEIJING, April 11 (Xinhua) -- Credit extended by China's banks in the first quarter hit 4.58 trillion yuan (670 billion U.S. dollars), the People's Bank of China (PBOC) said Saturday.     In March alone, new yuan-denominated loans increased 1.89 trillion yuan. It was the third straight month that new loans exceeded 1 trillion yuan.     "It is not beyond market expectations. The increase was boosted by the 4-trillion-yuan stimulus plan and showed the possibility of a faster economic recovery in China compared with other countries," said Zhang Qizuo, vice director of China International Economy Society.     Premier Wen Jiabao said on March 5 at the opening of the annual session of the National People's Congress, China's legislature, that new yuan-denominated loans this year were expected to reach 5 trillion yuan.     Historical data show the first-quarter bank credit usually accounts for more than 60 percent of the year's total.     "There is a time lag between the credit increase and actual use of capital, but the big increase will surely lay a solid foundation for the recovery of the real economy," said Zhang.     In the first quarter, the central bank withdrew 47.3 billion yuan from circulation, 78.5 billion yuan more than the same period of last year.     "The increase in currency withdrawal from circulation showed the central bank was carefully watching the credit growth," said Yuan Gangming, an economist with Tsinghua University.     Zhuang Jian, an economist at the Asian Development Bank, said the regulators should pay attention to the quality of new loans and prevent bad loans.     By the end of February, non-performing loans by Chinese banks totaled 1.53 trillion yuan, 17.5 billion yuan less than the start of the year.     The structure of credit growth was also improving. The proportion of bill financing fell to about 22 percent in March from 47 percent in February, though still much higher than the average of 5 percent.     "The decline in bill financing is a good sign. It means company activities are increasing and the credit's impact on the economy is strengthening," said Zhuang.     Through March, the M2 figure -- a broad measure of money supply,which covers cash in circulation and all deposits -- grew 25.5 percent from a year earlier to 53.06 trillion yuan.     The narrow measure of money supply, M1 (cash in circulation pluscorporate current deposits), was up 17.04 percent year on year to 17.65 trillion yuan.     "The fast rebound of M2 indicates China's liquidity is abundant. This is very important to the economic recovery. The sharp rise of M1 shows companies are increasing spending on investment and management." said Zhang Bin, an economist with Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

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BEIJING, Feb. 28 (Xinhua) -- China on Saturday urged Japan to proceed with discretion in word and deed over the Diaoyu Islands issue.     Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi expatiated China's stance over the issue when holding talks with his Japanese counterpart Hirofumi Nakasone, urging Japan to act with discretion in word and deed over the Diaoyu Islands issue.     Nakasone arrived here Saturday afternoon for his two-day visit to China.     During the talks, both sides made candid and in-depth exchange of views over regional and international issues of common concern, and agreed to fulfil the consensus reached by leaders of the two countries and maintain steady development of China-Japan relations.     Both sides agreed to strengthen cooperation in bilateral, regional and international issues to cope with the international financial crisis, noting that their cooperation is in the interests of both peoples, and conducive to the world peace, stability and development.     Before his China tour, Nakasone said, in the wake of Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso's remarks on Thursday, that the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and The United States was applicable to the Diaoyu Islands.     Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Ma Zhaoxu rejected Nakasone's remarks later in a press release, saying that any words and deeds that bringing the Diaoyu Islands into the scope of the Japan-U.S. Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty are absolutely unacceptable for the Chinese people.     Ma stressed that the Diaoyu Islands and adjacent islets had been Chinese territories since ancient times and China held "indisputable" sovereignty over the islands.

BEIJING, April 1 (Xinhua) -- Chinese equities closed 1.47 percent up Wednesday to stand at 2,408.02 points, surpassing the 2,400 points mark, echoing the overnight Wall Street rebound.     The Shanghai Composite Index gained 34.81 points, or 1.47 percent to 2,408.02. The Shenzhen Component Index rose 174.06 points, or 1.94 percent to 9,156.01.     Gains outnumbered losses by 675 to 183 in Shanghai and 599 to 140 in Shenzhen.     Combined turnover expanded to 250.67 billion yuan (36.68 billion U.S. dollars) from 200.03 billion yuan on the previous trading day.     Coal shares boosted the index up, as there were reports Monday that the government might consider raising the coal price by 4 percent.     China Shenhua Energy, the country's leading coal producer, gained 5.8 percent to 21.9 yuan, while China Coal jumped 5.65 percent to 9.17 yuan.     The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index continued the upward trend of the previous trading day and touched a 2422.63 points intra-day high Wednesday, exceeding the previous intra-day high of 2402 points on Feb. 17.     Zhang Yunpeng, an analyst with Beijing-based Huarong Securities, said investors should not be overly optimistic about the continuing rebound, as the turnover in recent days was lower than that in mid-February, which suggested that some investors were still cautious.     China's top banking regulator Liu Mingkang said Tuesday the government would require foreign banks taking stakes in domestic commercial banks to hold those stakes for at least five years, rather than three as at present, to reduce risks for local banks.     Zhang said this was a piece of positive news for Chinese bank stocks for the long run, as this move would help stabilize their share prices.     The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, China's top lender, rose 0.76 percent to 3.97, while the China Construction Bank, the country's second largest commercial lender, gained 0.47 percent to 4.32 yuan.     Chongqing Iron and Steel Co. rose 1.24 percent to 4.91 yuan, after the steel producer reported a 33.18 percent growth in net profit to 598.3 million yuan last year in its annual report released Wednesday.

BEIJING, March 24 (Xinhua) -- Former Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee of China's National People's Congress Raidi has said the democratic reform to abolish serfdom in Tibet was the people's own historical choice.     Raidi, a 71-year-old Tibetan who was once vice secretary of Tibet Autonomous Region's Party Committee, made the remark during an exclusive interview with Xinhua on Tuesday. People of the Tibetan ethnic group hold a celebration for the upcoming Serfs Emancipation Day, at Jiaba Village of Nedong County, southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region, March 23, 2009. "The ** Lama clique's attempt to split the country and restore the serfdom did not, does not and will never succeed," Raidi said, adding that the Tibetan people could never enjoy human rights, freedom and democracy in a society under serfdom system.     He stressed that the Serfs Emancipation Day which falls on March 28 is an event and celebration with extraordinary meanings for Tibetan people. The reform half a century ago was a milestone which distinguishes the new Tibet with the old one and also a milestone in the world's history to abolish slavery. A resident of the Tibetan ethnic group dances in a celebration party for the upcoming Serfs Emancipation Day, at Jiaba Village of Nedong County, southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region, March 23, 2009The ** Lama has pretended to be a pure religious figures in the past 50 years of exile but he had attacked the Party and central government and stirred unrest in Tibet by playing with outside forces, Raidi said.     To achieve their goals, the ** clique had spread all sorts of lies to beautify the region's former theocracy. On the other hand, they claimed the alleged "middle way" and "meaningful autonomy" to divert people's attention to their real intention to seek independence, he added.     "Recall the past 50 years of development in Tibet, I feel that Tibet could have a bright future and prosperity only under the leadership of Communist Party of China and in the family of socialist motherland," Raidi said.

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WASHINGTON, March 19 (Xinhua) -- The United States and China on Thursday agreed to continue to use and further develop those regular exchange mechanisms established before to facilitate parliamentary exchanges between the two countries.     The consensus was reached during a meeting between Speaker Nancy Pelosi of the U.S. House of Representatives and a delegation of China's National People's Congress (NPC), headed by Chairman Li Zhaoxing of the NPC Foreign Affairs Committee.     Both sides spoke positively of the important roles that the Congress and NPC have played in the growth of China-U.S. relationship through inter-parliamentary exchanges and cooperation.     The two sides also exchanged views over issues of common concern such as energy and climate change.

LONDON, April 1 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao met with French President Nicolas Sarkozy here Wednesday night.     "Our meeting today means a new starting point for the bilateral relations, and I hope the two sides work together to usher in a new phase in Chinese-French ties," Hu said at the start of his meeting with Sarkozy. Chinese President Hu Jintao (R) shakes hands with French President Nicolas Sarkozy during their meeting in London, Britain, on April 1, 2009.The two leaders were meeting ahead of a Group of 20 summit on the financial crisis, scheduled here for Thursday.     China and France said in a press communique issued Wednesday simultaneously by their foreign ministries that the two sides "attach great importance to China-France relations" and reiterated their adherence to the principle of non-interference in each other's internal affairs.     In the communique, France pledged not to support "Tibet independence" in any form.

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BEIJING, Feb. 27 (Xinhua) -- China lodged another stern representation to Japan on Friday over Japanese Foreign Minister Hirofumi Nakasone's remarks that the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and United States is applicable to the Diaoyu Islands.     According to the reports by the Taiwan-based Broadcasting Corporation of China (BCC), an official of the U.S. State Department, familiar with East Asian affairs, said at a press conference in Washington on Friday that the Diaoyu Islands were always under Japan's administrative jurisdiction and the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and United States was applicable to them.     Japanese Foreign Minister Hirofumi Nakasone echoed the U.S. official's remarks afterwards.     Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Ma Zhaoxu rejected Nakasone's remarks later in a press release, saying the Japan-U.S. Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty should not harm the interests of third parties, including China.     "Any words and deeds that bring the Diaoyu Islands into the scope of the Japan-U.S. Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty are absolutely unacceptable for the Chinese people," he said.     Ma stressed again that the Diaoyu Islands and adjacent islets had been Chinese territories since ancient times and China held "indisputable" sovereignty over the islands.     "We have lodged stern representations to Japan again and required the United States to clarify reports on the issue," he said.     He also urged the two countries to realize the great sensitivity of the Diaoyu Islands issue and proceed with discretion in word and deed, so as to avoid damage to the general interests of China-Japan and China-U.S. relations and regional stability.

BEICHUAN, Sichuan province, April 4 (Xinhua) -- Tears fell down her cheeks, like the rain dropping on her umbrella.     "I dreamed of my granddaughter several times," Tan Yunlan said while sobbing.     Supported by her daughter, the elderly woman gazed at a pile of rubble which used to be an apartment building in the former Beichuan county seat.     Tan's son-in-law arranged several bricks to burn incense, while her daughter took out a folded handkerchief from her bag. She opened it and placed the photo of a four-year-old girl inside, then gently placed it on the ground.     Behind the family, people walked slowly in twos and threes, holding candles or white chrysanthemums. Firecrackers would sound sporadically.     As Saturday was China's traditional Tomb Sweeping Day, survivors of the quake-leveled county returned to what's left of their homes to mourn loved ones.     GRIEF IN QUAKE ZONES     More than 80,000 people were confirmed dead or missing after the May 12, 2008 earthquake in southwest China's Sichuan province.     One of the worst-hit areas, 15,645 people were killed in Beichuan. Another 4,311 others remain missing. Because of the destruction, the county has been closed-off since May 20 last year. For the first time since then, former residents were allowed to return for four days of mourning starting Wednesday.     Life forever changed for Zhu Xiuhua after her husband was buried under the county's vegetable market.     "He was considerate and diligent, earning 3,000 yuan a month to support the family," she murmured, eyes swollen.     After the quake, Zhu became the family provider, taking care of her parents-in-law and two sons. Although the local government gave her some subsidy, she now has to work at construction sites like a man.     Facing the debris of the market, she drew a circle on the ground with a stick and wrote the name of her husband.     "There were too many people who died in the quake. I am afraid he can't find the money I gave him," she wept.     Zhu then lit a candle and placed it alongside the pork she had cooked and set by the debris. Pork, was her husband's favorite food. She then burned ghost money- one sheet after another, as an offering to help the dead in afterlife.     "Don't worry about us. We can manage it," she whispered to him.     In Qingchuan county, flower seller He Xiantong brought a bunch of chrysanthemums to an earthquake memorial park in Donghekou.     "Somewhere in the county, 40 meters underground, lies my wife," he said. "I feel that we are so close."     At the same time, their son, He Kaiyuan, who is in Chengdu, less than 300 kilometers away, stands facing Qingchuan. He also bought flowers for his mother and placed them on the ground.     "Dad visits mom every day," he said. "Mom, dad is with you. You must be happy in heaven."     In front of the tomb of Tan Qianqiu in Deyang city, just north of Chengdu, many strangers stopped to mourn.     The teacher, from the Dongqi middle school, sheltered four students with his arms when the quake jolted the building. When rescuers arrived, they discovered Tan had died, but the students all survived.     Huang Jing, a girl who was from Hunan province, dedicated a bouquet to Tan.     "He is also a native of Hunan," she said. "Although he didn't know me, I brought him greetings from his hometown."     MOURNING FROM ELSEWHERE     In Fuzhou, capital of east China's Fujian province- some 2,000 kilometers away from the quake's epicenter- a ceremony was held for people to mourn victims.     In front of more than 100 people, two girls tied letters they had written to deceased relatives, to the legs of pigeons, then let them go.     "Dear little sister, how are you in heaven?" wrote 16-year-old Dong Yu.     "Does it still hurt? How are uncle and aunt?" her letter went on to say. Her cousin was just eight months younger than her.     "Mom still weeps sometimes, but there are so many people from Sichuan in heaven, you won't be lonely."     Together with 33 other students from Sichuan, Dong was sent to a vocational school in Fuzhou after the disaster.     "I am doing well here," she read, smiling, with tears.     People also chose to mourn the dead on the Internet.     "Chen Jian, I'm Xiaofeng. How are you in heaven?" This message was from Chen's wife Tan Xiaofeng on the website cq.qq.com.     After the earthquake, Chen, worried about his pregnant wife. He survived 73 hours under crushed concrete and twisted steel rods. He passed away after he was pulled out of the debris.     Netizens on the portal website Sohu, list his story as among the ten most touching from the earthquake.     "I miscarried," Tan Xiaofeng wrote.     After the earthquake she moved away from her hometown and went to work in eastern Jiangsu Province.     "I will be back to sweep tombs for him later this month," she said.     The website claims to be the first online platform for visitors to mourn quake victims on Tomb Sweeping day. So far, more than 7,000 messages were left by netizens. Photos showing touching moments during the quake and its aftermath were also posted.     On Sina.com, the page for mourning showed candles forming "5.12" and a white chrysanthemum. More than 2,373,000 people had visited the site as of Saturday afternoon. Some posted their own messages for victims: "There is no disaster in heaven," and "Hope the survivors can be strong and live a better life."     LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE     Outside the barbed wire fence around the collapsed Beichuan middle school, 15-year-old Lu Chunqiao closed her eyes and held burning incense.     Four other students nearby burned a letter. In Chinese, there is a superstition that if you burn a letter, you are sending it to the dead.     The ninth grade students then knelt down, keeping their foreheads close to the ground.     They survived the quake, but more than 1,000 of their classmates were dead or missing.     "We want to tell them (the dead) the changes during this past year," Lu said. "Construction of the new school building is to start next month."     About one kilometer away from the Beichuan county seat, work rebuilding Qushan township just began.     Amid roaring machines, Liu Chunyi, an engineer from eastern Shandong province said, "it is the greatest comfort to the dead tohave those alive live a better life."     In Wenxian county of northwestern Gansu province where 114 people succumbed in the quake, Liu Wencheng placed fruit and tea for his dead wife in a graveyard.     He told her that their two daughters were doing well at school.     Liu had 0.2 hectares of land, where he planted wheat, corn and potatoes.     "Life has to go on," he said.     After the quake, the local government sent him a quilt, food and electric blankets. Each affected family was also given 20,000 yuan (almost 3,000 U.S. dollars) for reconstruction. It was not enough to build a house which is why Liu still lives in a tent. He is not sure how long he will be there.     In Sichuan, however, there is a timetable.     The province vowed to rebuild all damaged houses in rural areas by the end of this year and those in cities or townships before next May.     More than 90 percent of roads and 98 percent of the power supply system would be restored by Sept. 2010.     But it will take longer than that for wounds in people's hearts to heal.     Many people suggested Tan Xiaofeng, who is just 26, should re-marry.     The idea just makes Tan cry.     "I can't accept another man," she said while shaking her head. "Not now."