当代文学教学的改革论文

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A shop assistant checks hundred yuan bank notes at a shop in Xiangfan, central China's Hubei province in this file photo. [Reuters]A senior U.S. Treasury official warned Congress on Thursday that a legislative drive to force China into letting its currency rise in value more quickly could backfire and do damage to the U.S. economy. Deputy Assistant Treasury Secretary Mark Sobel warned a House of Representative trade subcommittee that U.S. lawmakers risked creating a perception abroad that the United States is becoming "an isolationist nation" that does deserve foreign investment. "If the United States adopts currency legislation that is perceived abroad as unilateralist, investors' confidence in the openness of our economy could be dampened, diminishing capital inflows into the United States and potentially putting upward pressure on interest rates and prices," Sobel said. However, Ways and Means Trade Subcommittee Chairman Sander Levin, a Michigan Democrat, objected to the administration's description of congressional proposals as protectionist, and other lawmakers testifying on Thursday argued China's "unfair" trade practices required a strong U.S. legislative response. Two Senate committees have already approved legislation that aims to equip Treasury with new tools to pressure China into letting its yuan currency rise faster in value, which U.S. manufacturers say is necessary to eliminate an unfair price advantage for Chinese-made goods. Rep. Tim Ryan, an Ohio Democrat, said Congress should pass an even stronger bill -- such as one he has crafted with Rep. Duncan Hunter, a California Republican -- that would allow U.S. companies to seek countervailing duties against China's undervalued exchange rate. "Passage of a weak bill will only lead to many more years of inaction by the administration, loss of jobs and loss of critical U.S. manufacturing capability. We need legislation that will lead to action," Ryan said. A Republican committee member, Rep. Thomas Reynolds of New York, said there was bipartisan support for taking a tougher line with China than Treasury has followed so far. "Be ready for the fact that there's a boiling point in the Congress coming from the people of America saying we need to do better than what's happened so far," Reynolds said. After the hearing, Levin told reporters that House leaders would decide when Congress returns in September the best way to proceed with China currency and trade legislation. "I think we will look at all options," including the Ryan-Hunter bill, Levin said. He expressed confidence that Congress could craft legislation that presses China on the currency issue without violating World Trade Organization rules. But Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson has made clear that he does not want the additional legislative tools and that he prefers to seek a faster pace of economic reform in China through discussion, especially in a "strategic economic dialogue" that he initiated with Beijing last December. Sobel's appearance before the House subcommittee was a bid by Treasury to wave off more legislation in Congress, where anger at China has been mounting and has helped fuel the bid to force Beijing into faster currency appreciation. "We appreciate the frustrations of Congress with the slow pace of Chinese reform. Indeed, we strongly share those frustrations," Sobel said. "Yet we continue to believe that direct, robust engagement with China is the best means of achieving progress." Paulson has just returned on Wednesday night from his fourth trip to China since taking over Treasury just over a year ago. Again he was unable to persuade Chinese officials to offer any commitment to speed up currency reforms. Paulson told reporters in Beijing that Chinese officials whom he met, including President Hu Jintao, intended to move ahead with economic reforms including on currency but that the country's economic stability was critically important. The failure to get firm Chinese promises on currency has fed into a sense in Congress that China does not play fair on trade rules. Sobel said Paulson had "conveyed a strong message about the need for far more vigorous action by China to correct the undervaluation of renminbi (RMB), take immediate action to lift the RMB's value and achieve far greater currency flexibility." China's yuan is also known as the renminbi. David Spooner, the Commerce Department's assistant secretary for import administration, echoed some of Sobel's worry that Congress's actions could rebound against the United States because they might violate global trade rules. "I must make clear that the Department of Commerce is deeply concerned that the other legislative proposals that have been advanced to date raise serious concerns under international trade rules," Spooner said, adding that could trigger a global cycle of protectionist legislation. Similarly, the U.S. Trade Representative's deputy general counsel, Daniel Brinza, warned that Congress needed to beware approving legislative proposals that did not comply with rules set by the World Trade Organization. Doing so would undermine U.S. credibility when it tries to persuade others to abide by WTO rulings, Brinza said.

China Securities Regulatory Commission announced here on Friday that it has approved the initial public offering (IPO) plans of three domestic companies.     They are the Sichuan-based software and equipment provider Wisesoft, nitrocellulose producer Sichuan Nitrocell Corporation, and husbandry company Shandong Minhe.     It also approved the issue of three stock funds, bringing the total of newly approved funds of this kind to 18 since February. A bond fund also won approval.     New funds approved since February equals half of all funds approved last year, which would injects more capital into the declining stock market.     Though the market is less sensitive to new fund issue as more funds win approval, the accumulation of capital would possibly lead to positive short-term change in the market, analysts said.

The growth of the services sector should be accelerated and opened wider to private and foreign investors, the State Council has said. Market access for such sectors as telecommunications, railways and civil aviation - by far largely State-owned - will be increased and more competition encouraged to diversify investment, the Cabinet said in a document released yesterday. The country will establish an "open, fair and rule-based" market access system, according to the document, which urged local governments and departments to encourage foreign investment and improve the legal framework in the sector. Private investors are encouraged to "raise the proportion of non-State output in the national services industry". No domain should be off-limits as long as the law does not forbid the entry of non-State investors, the document said. The State Council said the services trade should be encouraged to change the foreign trade growth pattern, which comprises mainly exports of low-end manufactured goods. Some local governments were criticized for tilting toward heavy industries and ignoring the services sector, which made up 40.2 percent of China's gross domestic product (GDP) last year. It generally accounts for about 70 percent in developed economies.The sector is important for China as it makes efforts to change its economic growth pattern, reduce consumption of energy and resources and create jobs, the document said. Given those benefits, "developing the services sector is imperative for China," Liu Xiahui, an economist with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, told China Daily. "But for the moment, it still has to rely on the industrial sector to generate more tax revenues and achieve a high rate of economic growth." Liu said while the general services industry, such as the catering trade, has grown fast, many regions are not developed enough to accommodate high-end value-added services, such as finance. "We cannot ignore our economic reality." "But I do hope the country can make bigger strides in developing the services sector, which is in line with China's future needs," Liu added. As one of the steps, the State Council urged more input into sectors oriented toward people's livelihood, such as real estate, non-State nursing homes for the aged and culture. The cabinet put special emphasis on the services industry in rural areas, urging an increase in farmers' incomes and a relaxation of the urban household registration system.

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A Chinese national flag is raised atop a house, standing in the centre of a ten-metre-deep pit dug by the real estate developter, in southwest China's Chongqing Municipality, on March 21, a day before the deadline for the owner to move out sentenced by local court. [newsphoto] A photo of the solitary building has been circulating on the Internet, where it has been dubbed "the coolest nail house in history" a translation of a Chinese metaphor for a person who refuses to move from their home. A local court set a deadline of Thursday for the couple to move out. But the house remained intact on Friday afternoon. The owner of the house, Yang Wu, 51, used two steel pipes to climb up to his castle from the construction pit on Wednesday afternoon something most people would have found difficult, but an easy maneuver for the former martial arts champion. Two men walk past a house on a mound in the middle of a construction site in Chongqing on Thursday. A couple has refused to move out of their two-storey home, which is now the only building left standing in a 10-meter-deep pit. APHe carried a national flag and banner reading "No violation of legitimate private property", which he hung from the top of the house. Local residents look at a two-storey home, which is now the only building left standing atop a mound in a 10-meter-deep construction pit in Chongqing March 22, 2007. [newsphoto]With his relatives' help, he also took two gas bottles, mineral water and other necessities. Water and electricity supplies were cut off long ago. Yang's wife, Wu Ping, remained outside the house, answering questions from the media. She said they had not lived in the house for two and a half years. The building, formerly a restaurant with a floor space of 219 square meters, is located in Jiulongpo District. The local government plans to build a shopping mall and apartments on the site. More than 200 households were moved from the area in the past three years to make way for the development. But the couple refused to move because they were not satisfied with the compensation offered: 3.5 million yuan (3,000). Wu said they wanted a property of the same value, because the compensation money would not cover the cost of an apartment of the same size in that location. After negotiations between the couple and the local government reached a stalemate, the government took the matter to court in January. On Monday, the Jiulongpo District court ordered the couple to move out by Thursday. According to the court ruling, the couple would be forcibly removed if they did not move out of the house by the deadline. No action had been taken on Friday. Shanghai-based China Business News said an eviction of this nature would create unwanted attention for the government just after the Property Law was passed. It will come into effect on October 1. Property law expert Zhao Wanyi was quoted by Beijing Evening News as saying he was pleased that citizens were learning to safeguard their rights through the legal system. But he said it was a concern that by refusing to move out without adequate compensation, the couple could be accused of abusing their individual rights. "There is no absolute right," he said. Judge Li, whose court sent the notice, told the media on Thursday evening that the court would "follow lawful procedures to deal with the matter", but he refused to say when.

 New CPC top leaders meet the press at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on October 22, 2007. [newsphoto]The newly-elected top leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), with four new faces added to the all-powerful Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Monday promised to "serve the people wholeheartedly" and "promote social equity and justice". Hu Jintao, 64, was reelected Party chief for a second five-year term at the first plenum of the 17th CPC Central Committee, which was attended by the 204 members and 166 alternate members.The central committee was elected at the end of the seven-day 17th National Congress of the CPC on Sunday.Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang joined the nine-member Standing Committee. The others are Hu, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin and Li Changchun.Before taking over as Party chief of Shanghai earlier this year, Xi, 54, was the top Party official in Zhejiang Province and the governor of Fujian.Li Keqiang, 52, is the youngest among the newly-elected. He was the governor of Henan before becoming Party chief of Liaoning.Hu led the new leadership line-up in the Great Hall of the People and introduced the new members to the media Monday."Both Xi and Li are relatively younger comrades," Hu said.He Guoqiang, 63, has established a reputation for his tough stance against corruption since taking over the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee in 2002. He becomes head of the Party's Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.Zhou serves as the minister of public security and the first commissar of the Armed Police Force.In his speech, which was televised live nationwide, Hu vowed to do the best "to be worthy of the great trust" of all Party members and live up to the expectations of people."We will be firmly committed to development, which is the Party's top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country, concentrate on construction and development, make all-round progress in developing the socialist market economy, socialist democracy, an advanced socialist culture and a harmonious socialist society, and strive for scientific development by putting people first and making it comprehensive, balanced and sustainable," Hu said.He also promised to press ahead with the reform and opening-up, serve the people wholeheartedly and adhere to scientific, democratic and law-based governance."We will pursue an independent foreign policy of peace and unswervingly follow the path of peaceful development and a win-win strategy of opening-up."We will develop friendship and cooperation with all other countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and push for the building of a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity," he added.Apart from the nine-member Standing Committee, 16 others were named to the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. Among those newly elevated are Beijing Mayor Wang Qishan, Commerce Minister Bo Xilai, Jiangsu Party Secretary Li Yuanchao, Tianjin Party Secretary Zhang Gaoli, Chongqing Party Secretary Wang Yang and Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission Xu Caihou.Liu Yandong, 61, is the only woman in the Political Bureau. She is the vice-chairwoman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the top advisory body.Hu was also named chairman of the Central Military Commission of the CPC at the first plenary session Monday. Guo Boxiong and Xu Caihou were named vice-chairmen.Hu met military delegates to the Party Congress last night. 

DAVOS - China will endeavor to maintain steady and fairly fast economic growth and deepen the reform of the economic system, Chinese Vice-Premier Zeng Peiyan said here Thursday."To prevent overheating of the economy and inflation is our top priority for macro control this year. We will pursue a prudent fiscal policy and tight monetary policy to ensure general balance between demand and supply and make the economy better structured," said Zeng at a session of the five-day World Economic Forum (WEF) Annual Meeting.At the session of "special message and conversation" in his honor, Zeng said China will work on transforming the model of growth."In promoting economic growth, the focus of our efforts will be shifted from relying mainly on investment and export to stimulating consumption and steadily increasing the consumption rate; from relying mainly on manufacturing industry to promoting the growth of agriculture and services industries and increasing the share of the service sector in economic output," he said.Zeng said China will deepen economic structural reforms, encourage sectors of different ownership to compete as equals and develop together.He also made it clear that China seeks promotion of sustainable development.China has launched a campaign of energy conservation and emission reduction to meet the targets set for 2010 including a 10- percent reduction in the 2005 levels of (sulfur dioxide) SO2 emission and chemical oxygen demand (COD), he said."We are accelerating the pace to eliminate the backward production styles of factories with high energy consumption and pollutant emission, step up the construction of waster water and sewage processing facilities and vigorously develop energy-saving and land-saving housing, and fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly automobiles," he added.The air conditioning of buildings will be kept at an appropriate level, and energy-saving bulbs will be used throughout the country, he said.In his speech, Zeng noted that the world today needs to address many problems facing the growth of the world economy.These problems include greater uncertainties for global economic growth, the rising prices of primary products, resurfacing of trade protectionism, and growing concerns over global climate change, he said."The plummeting of stock markets throughout the world in the past few days speak eloquently of how much the market is worried about a possible slowdown or even recession of the US economy," he said.Financial risks spread faster than before, and one single financial and economic event in a country could cause chain reactions in other parts of the world, he said.The sub-prime mortgage crisis which broke out in the United States has hurt many transnational financial institutions and its adverse impact on countries concerned has start to be felt, he elaborated.He expressed his concerns that the prices of primary products are still rising and have raised production cost and consumer spending and led to more inflationary pressure in the world.Turning to trade protectionism, the Chinese vice-premier said that some countries have raised non-tariff trade barriers and imposed more restrictions on foreign investment.Such practices hurt the interests of exporters, producers, investors, importers and consumers alike and will ultimately harm the common interests of all countries, he said.He promised that China are ready to work with the international community to address these risks and meet the challenges and contribute to economic stability and sustainable development in the world.He noted that since joining the World Trade Organization, China has honored its commitments.China's average tariff level has dropped from 15.3 percent of the pre-accession years to the current 9.8 percent, and China has abolished non-tariff measures, he said."We will continue to promote trade and investment liberalization and facilitation," he said.While stressing that peace, development and cooperation represent the irresistible trend of the times, Zeng said China will pursue win-win cooperation with foreign nations and accommodate the legitimate concerns of other countries, especially the developing ones."We will work with all countries, international organizations and people from all walks of life to harness the power of collaborative innovation, pursue win-win cooperation, seize the opportunities together and share the benefits of development, meet challenges and work hard for global prosperity and progress," said the Chinese official.The five-day WEF annual meeting started in this Swiss ski resort on Wednesday under the principal theme of "the Power of Collaborative Innovation."The event drew the world's political and business elite, including 27 heads of state or government, and more than 110 government ministers.

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BEIJING -- Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi on Thursday night urged all concerned parties to resume the Iranian nuclear talks as soon as possible."The Iranian nuclear issue is now at a crucial moment. China hopes all concerned parties, including Iran, make joint efforts to resume negotiations as soon as possible in a bid to promote the comprehensive and proper settlement of this issue," Yang told Iranian chief nuclear negotiator Saeed Jalili in their talks in Beijing.Yang reiterated China's consistent position on the Iranian nuclear issue, saying China has always advocated a peaceful solution to the issue through diplomatic negotiations, supported the international non-proliferation system, safeguarded regional peace and stability and made continuous efforts in this regard. Jalili said Iran's nuclear plan is completely of a peaceful nature. He added Iran appreciates China's position of a peaceful solution and the country is ready to strengthen cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and resolve the issue through negotiations.The two sides also exchanged views on bilateral ties. Yang said China is satisfied with the continuous progress of bilateral exchanges and cooperation in various fields in recent years and hopes both sides make joint efforts to make greater progress in the friendly and cooperative ties between the two countries.Jalili said Iran and China have a friendly relationship and share a good basis of cooperation. He added Iran is ready to strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation with China in extensive fields

Conservation efforts appear to be helping China's endangered giant panda expand its habitat in parts of western China, the Xinhua news agency reported on Saturday. Panda cubs play at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding in Chengdu, southwest China's Sichuan province, May 24, 2007. [Reuters]The animal's droppings were recently discovered in areas beyond its known habitat in the bamboo forests of the 220,000 hectare (550,000 acre) Baishuijiang Nature Reserve, on the border of Gansu and Sichuan provinces. "This indicates an expansion of the giant panda's habitat -- and probably of its population too," Huang Huali, vice director of the Baishuijiang Nature Reserve Administration, was quoted as saying. The pandas have been helped by efforts to curb insect pests, which have restored the bamboo forests since 2002, Huang said. China's State Forestry Administration has estimated 1,590 pandas live in the wild, mostly in the mountains of Sichuan, although a study by Chinese and British scientists released last year calculated there could be as many as 3,000.

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BEIJING -- China's education officials are joining with employment authorities to mount investigations into reports of agencies and individuals who lure minors to work, said the Ministry of Education on Thursday."We have received reports that some agencies and individuals lured minors to work on the pretense of introducing them to part-time jobs or internships," said the ministry in a circular.Education authorities across the country will join with officials who have law enforcement powers in labor departments and commerce and industry administrations to intensify supervision and management to stop illegal employment of minors by agencies and individuals, it said.The ministry asked its local branches and all schools to be aware and report illegal employment to the authorities.Chinese law bans minors under the age of 16 from working and those between 16 and 18 must be given easier and safer work than adult workers.Employers who violate the law can be fined and, if the crime is serious, their business licenses will be withdrawn.In June, private brick kilns in north China's Shanxi Province were found abusing workers, many of whom were underage, in a forced labor scandal.A total of 95 officials in the province have been punished in the wake of the forced labor scandal.The ministry also warned vocational schools not to violate regulations on internships, which ban students from interning during their first year.Most vocational schools in China take in students who finish three years in secondary school, but do not go to high school.In 2004, a private vocational school in southeast China's Jiangxi Province was caught luring first-year students to work full-time in an electronic hardware factory during their summer vacation by promising free tuition.

China, with a record .2 trillion of foreign-exchange reserves, will keep the "bulk" of its US dollar holdings because the currency is one of safest investment options, a People's Bank of China assistant governor said. The dollar remains "important" because trade and foreign direct investment is conducted mostly in the currency, Yi Gang told delegates at a meeting that was closed to the media at the World Economic Forum in Singapore. Asian central banks will continue to hold most of their reserves in dollars, he said. "Safety, return and liquidity are the three most important elements that people should consider when they talk about reserves," Yi said in a recording of the discussion that was obtained by Bloomberg News. "As far as we're concerned, the serious reduction of the dollar reserve is a small probability," he said, adding that any adjustments to its dollar holdings will be "incremental." China's gross domestic product expanded 11.1 percent in the first quarter, making it the world's fastest-growing major economy, led by sustained demand for its exports to the US and other trading partners. Diversification of the nation's foreign-exchange reserves will be gradual and won't hurt the dollar or financial markets, Market News International said last month, citing Ding Zhijie, one of five advisers to the reserves agency's committee. 'Gradual Process' China's trade surplus, which the Asian Development Bank estimated will climb by 45 percent to a record 7 billion next year, has sparked calls for further gains in China's yuan. Some US lawmakers have said that the yuan was undervalued by 40 percent to make China's exports cheap and pledged trade sanctions as punishment. The central bank expects the yuan exchange rate will gradually move toward a "market-oriented direction," Yi told reporters after the meeting Monday. The currency has risen about 8.6 percent since the dollar link was abandoned in July 2005. "The central bank of China has the responsibility to keep the exchange rate at more or less a stable level," Yi said. "The mechanism is more toward a market-oriented direction."