税收原则理论的历史演变及评价

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BEIJING, Nov. 17 (Xinhua) -- China and the United States are committed to working together and with other countries for a successful outcome at Copenhagen summit next month, said a joint statement issued here Tuesday after talks between Chinese President Hu Jintao and his U.S. counterpart Barack Obama.     The two sides have held a constructive and productive dialogue on the issue and maintained that international cooperation is indispensible in dealing with climate change, which poses one of the greatest challenge of the time, the statement said.     Both sides concede that transition to a low-carbon economy is an opportunity to promote continued economic growth and sustainable development in all countries.     Regarding the upcoming Copenhagen summit, the two countries expressed their willingness to strive for an agreed outcome based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.     "The two sides, consistent with their national circumstances, resolve to take significant mitigation actions and recognized the important role that their countries play in promoting a sustainable outcome that will strengthen the world's ability to combat climate change," said the statement.     The two countries also agreed that the outcome should include the emission reduction targets of developed countries and nationally appropriate mitigation actions of developing countries, adding that it should also substantially scale up financial assistance to developing countries, promote technology development, dissemination and transfer, and pay particular attention to the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable countries to adapt to climate change.

WUHAN, Nov. 28 (Xinhua) -- A senior leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC) has urged officials and governments at all levels to serve the people by addressing their concerns.     He Guoqiang, member of the Standing Committee of the CPC Central Committee, made the remarks during his visit in Chibi City of central China's Hubei Province on Saturday.     He said officials and governments must solve well the problems that concern people's immediate interests to ensure social harmony and stability.     When visiting a local village and urban community of the city, He urged local officials to help residents increase their incomes and answer the needs required by the people.     He asked the officials to improve their ability of resolving practical problems to bring about more tangible benefits to local people.     He, also secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC, also called on local Party organs to improve their organizational construction, promote intra-party democracy and strengthen the struggle against corruption.

BEIJING, Nov. 21 (Xinhua) -- An earthquake measuring 4.3 on the Richter Scale hit a border area between northwest China's Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and the northern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Saturday afternoon, according to the China Earthquake Networks Center.     The epicenter was at 38.2 degrees north latitude and 106.6 degrees east longitude.     Xinhua reporters in Yinchuan, capital of Ningxia, said tremor was felt in the downtown area.     No casualties have been reported.

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BEIJING, Jan. 5 (Xinhua) -- The Chinese government will continue encouraging outbound investment while attracting foreign investment in 2010 for "stable and relatively fast" growth of the country's economy, a government official has said.     Outbound investment, or "go-global" strategy, should aim at making use of overseas resources, market and advanced technologies, so as to help facilitate development of China's domestic economy, Zhang Xiaoqiang, vice minister in charge of the National Development and Reform Commission, said in the speech posted on the commission's website Tuesday.     The remarks were made at a conference held in Beijing on foreign investment on Dec. 11, but was not released until Tuesday.     In the first three quarters of 2009, China saw its investment overseas at 32.87 billion U.S. dollars, up 0.5 percent year-on-year, according to the Ministry of Commerce (MOC).     The country would also continue to attract foreign investment, he said. "Social stability, huge potential market and low cost of productive resources are still advantages for foreign investment," he said.     The country would see more advanced technologies and talents from foreign countries and foreign investment would better serve the structural reform of the country's economy.     Zhang said the government would stress national economic security while seeking to increase foreign investment. "We have to properly handle new challenges and situations when further opening sectors, including finance and telecommunications."     China's foreign direct investment shrank 14.26 percent from the same period last year to 63.77 billion U.S. dollars in the first nine months as foreign companies cut spending amid the global economic downturn, according to the MOC.     In the speech, Zhang also said China's currency was facing renewed pressure to appreciate because of the quantitative easing monetary policy in developed countries, a weakening dollar and recovery of China's economy.     The pressure would likely spur massive inflow of speculative money, making liquidity management more difficult.     Premier Wen Jiabao also said in December in an interview with Xinhua that the yuan faced appreciation pressure. "China will not yield to foreign pressure for the appreciation of its currency yuan in any form," Wen said.     "A stable Chinese currency is good for the international community," Wen said.

COPENHAGEN, Dec. 14 (Xinhua) -- In order to deal with climate change, efforts should be made simultaneously in fields of politics, economy, society, culture and ecology, a senior Chinese official told Xinhua.     Only through this comprehensive approach can lead to the forming of a systematic framework against climate change and push forward the harmonious and sustainable development between human and nature," said Zhao Baige, vice minister of China's National Population and Family Planning Commission.     With the efforts of all countries in recent years, great progress has been made in fighting climate change. But obvious shortcomings existed, Zhao said.     In the past, much attention was paid to carbon dioxide emissions, but little was given to their correlation with population development, she said. In addition, the roles of politics, culture and society have often been neglected, she added.     Zhao said it is a complicated and huge systematic project to deal with climate change, involving different sectors.     With regard to politics, she said all governments must attach great importance to climate change and honor their commitments. A body should be established to coordinate departments involved, while a long-term plan and a legal framework for climate change should be established.     On economy, Zhao said, "it is impossible to deal with climate change without economic support." She suggested developing countries follow a path of sustainable development when they push forward economic development.     At present, China is on its way of adjusting its industrial structure, setting carbon emission cut targets, strengthening technical innovation, raising energy efficiency and rapidly developing renewable energy.     In the social sector, Zhao said a comprehensive review over the impact of climate change is needed. The principle of equity and fairness should be introduced and a low-carbon consumption mode should be encouraged.     Zhao said a lot of efforts are needed in the sector of culture.     Thousands of years ago, Chinese started to believe that mankind should live in harmony with the nature, said Zhao, adding that China's traditional culture emphasizes the unity of personal rights and responsibilities.     However, she pointed out that in Western countries, personal rights are "over emphasized" while collective responsibilities are neglected.     In fact, China has formed a long-term low-carbon consumption behavior, while over consumption and luxury consumption widely exist in the West, said the Chinese official.     As for the sector of ecology, Zhao said climate change and ecology are interrelated. In recent years, China has adopted a series of measures including developing ecological agriculture, raising land utilization efficiency, saving water resources and reducing pollution.     Zhao stressed the importance of the interrelationship between the five above-mentioned fields, saying that only with a clear political direction, correct strategy and policy measures, can a country put carbon reduction targets into practice and adopt a low-carbon path.

BEIJING, Nov. 17 (Xinhua) -- The United States and China, the world's first and third largest economies, have pledged to rebalance each other's economy and move in tandem on forward-looking monetary polices for a strong and durable global economic recovery, according to a China-U.S. joint statement released here on Tuesday.     The statement, issued after talks between Chinese President Hu Jintao and his U.S. counterpart Barack Obama, has climaxed the latter's first China trip since he took office in January.     "China will continue to implement the policies to adjust economic structure, raise household incomes, expand domestic demand to increase contribution of consumption to GDP growth and reform its social security system," said the statement.     The United States, in return, will take measures to increase national saving as a share of GDP and promote sustainable non-inflationary growth.     "To achieve this, the United States is committed to returning the federal budget deficit to a sustainable path and pursuing measures to encourage private saving," it said.     President Obama made it clear at an earlier press conference Tuesday afternoon that the rebalancing strategy would require America to save more, reduce consumption and reduce long-term debts.     The statement also said that both sides will pursue forward-looking monetary policies and have "due" regard for the ramifications of those policies for the international economy.     The two also agreed to expedite negotiation on a bilateral investment treaty, and work proactively to resolve bilateral trade and investment disputes in a constructive, cooperative and mutually beneficial manner.     Recognizing the importance of open trade and investment to their domestic and the global economies, the two are committed to jointly fight protectionism in all its manifestations.     "We both agreed to properly handle trade frictions between the two countries through negotiations on an equal basis, and to make concerted efforts to boost bilateral trade and economic ties in a healthy and steady way," said President Hu.     "I stressed to President Obama that under the current situation, both China and the United States should oppose and reject protectionism in all forms in an even stronger stand," he said.     The two sides also reiterated that they would continue to strengthen dialogue and cooperation on macro-economic policies and pledged to honor all commitments made at the first round of the Sino-U.S. Strategic and Economic Dialogue last July, the Group of 20 summits, and the recently concluded APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in Singapore.     The statement said that both sides commended the important role of the three G20 summits in tackling the global financial crisis, and were committed to work with other members of the G20 to enhance the G20's effectiveness as the premier forum for international economic cooperation.     China and the United States also agreed to work through a cooperative process on mutual assessment to make the G20 Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth a success.     The statement said that both sides welcomed recent agreements by the G20 to ensure that the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) have sufficient resources and to reform their governance structures.     "The two sides stressed the need to follow through on the quantified targets for the reform of quota and voting shares of IFIs as soon as possible, increasing the voice and representation of emerging markets and developing countries in these institutions consistent with the Pittsburgh Summit Leaders Statement," it said.

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CHENGDU, Jan. 6 (Xinhua) -- A senior Chinese official here Wednesday stressed the importance of solving minor disputes through mediation rather than letting them get worse.     Zhou Yongkang, a Standing Committee member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, made the remarks during a visit to southwest China's Sichuan Province. Zhou Yongkang (L), a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CPC), talks with a local woman during his visit to Yangping Village of Chengdu, capital of southwest China's Sichuan Province, Jan. 5, 2010Zhou praised the province's mediation system that was being implemented at province, city, county and village levels.     He urged local governments to set up mediation services wherever they were needed.     During a visit to the people's court in the Dujiangyan City, Zhou stressed that civil servants and legal professionals should work in a just manner and be morally upright. Zhou Yongkang (front R), a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CPC), visits a local resident's home in Chengdu, capital of southwest China's Sichuan Province, Jan. 5, 2010. Zhou Yongkang made an inspection tour in Sichuan Province on Jan. 2-6He called upon political and legal departments at all levels to constantly improve their credentials, ensuring equity and justice.     In addition, Zhou urged local governments to serve and manage migrant groups well and solve any outstanding security issues.

BEIJING, Dec. 23 (Xinhua) -- China's Supreme People's Court (SPC) on Wednesday published two regulations, pledging to improve media supervision and public access to the courts' case filing, trial, hearing and law enforcement process, as well as to the verdict documents and court affairs.     The two regulations were aimed to improve judicial democracy, ensure judicial justice, and protect the legitimate rights of the litigants and defendants involved, said Sun Jungong, spokesman of the SPC, during a press conference.     According to the regulations, people involved in lawsuits would have access to all relevant information when filing a lawsuit, and would be kept informed of important information during the law enforcement process.     In open-trial cases, the public and journalists could attend the trials after safety checks.     The courts' verdict documents would be published online if they did not include state secrets, teenage criminal records, personal privacy or other contents inappropriate for publication, while the courts' affairs would also be made public.     Meanwhile, the regulations said journalists might face criminal charges if they disclose state or business secrets, impair national and social interests, distort facts when covering on-going trials, violate the reputation rights of judges or people involved in lawsuits, or conduct any other activities that may harm judicial justice.

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BEIJING, Dec. 7 (Xinhua) -- China's auto sales and output both exceeded 12 million units in the first 11 months, the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) announced Monday.     The CAAM forecast sales and output for the whole year would both exceed 13 million units.     In November alone, sales reached more than 1.35 million units, according to preliminary statistics. Detailed figures are expected to be released on Tuesday.     The country's largest auto maker, Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation, sold about 2.44 million auto units in the first 11 months, up 54 percent year on year, while Sino-U.S. joint venture company Shanghai GM sold 627,495 units, up 50.5 percent.

BEIJING, Dec. 10 -- China will extend stimulus measures in the automobile industry for one more year, with small adjustments, to further support the world's biggest and fastest-growing auto market.     The government announced the decision Wednesday after an executive meeting of the State Council chaired by Premier Wen Jiabao.     The stimulus package, which was due to expire at the end of this month, includes a 50 percent cut in the 10 percent purchase tax for cars with an engine capacity of, or less than, 1.6 liters and subsidies for trade-in cars. It will now be extended to Dec 31, 2010.     However, the purchase tax for smaller cars will be lifted from the current 5 percent to 7.5 percent of the total vehicle price.  Buyers examining a small car in an auto market in Nanjing. Purchase tax for smaller cars will be levied at 7.5%    Furthermore, the government also decided to raise the subsidy for trade-in cars from between 3,000 and 6,000 yuan to between 5,000 yuan and 18,000 yuan per vehicle.     The stimulus package launched by the government in January helped China's automobile sales to exceed an expected 13 million units this year, making the country surpass the US as the world's biggest auto market.     "It's unusual that demand for automobiles in a country increases more than 4.5 million units within 12 months, and sales break the monthly record for seven months in a year," said Rao Da, secretary-general of China Passenger Car Association.     Statistics from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) show that the smaller cars, with engine capacity of, or less than, 1.6 liters, contributed 85 percent of the sales increase in the domestic auto market. Most of the best-selling cars in China are smaller cars.     The association estimated that the stimulus measures boosted the sales of smaller cars by 2.6 million units this year.     Because of the favorable policy, sales of the battery and electric car pioneer BYD in the first 11 months surged 150.2 percent to 388,246 units. About two-thirds of the car sales were of the F3 model, a compact sedan that topped China's best-selling car list for seven months, with monthly sales surpassing 30,000 units, nearly double the figure for last year.     According to CAAM, China's auto production and sales almost doubled from figures a year ago to reach 1.39 million and 1.34 million units respectively in November.     Overall auto sales topped 12.23 million units in the first 11 months, up 42.39 percent from the same period last year.