文化人类学视野下的仪式探究

综合部试用期工作总结

BEIJING, Jan. 3 (Xinhua) -- For many Chinese who want to nab railway tickets home for the annual Spring Festival migration, the government's promise of having a better system by 2012 is just a distant hope.     Starting Friday, the first day to book tickets for the travel rush expected to last from Jan. 11 to Feb. 28, long queues appeared at ticket booths in almost every major railway hub.     In Wuhan, college students were first hit by the rush, as many schools' winter break starts from Jan. 10 to 17.     As more than 70 percent of the 1 million resident students there were expected to go home by train, local railway authorities have set up ticket agents on campus, opened more ticket booths for students at stations and offered special trains for students.     But many still found it difficult to get tickets, especially to Urumqi, Qingdao, Jinan, Harbin, Zhanjiang and Nanning. At the Wuchang Railway Station alone, more than 60,000 tickets were sold on Friday.     In Shanghai, police and security officers were put 24-hour on guard to maintain order and prevent accidents. They gave each passenger a number and assigned them to different waiting lines.     At the Beijing West Railway Station, 15 temporary ticket booths have been opened. To keep the lines at no more than 20 people as required by the Railway Ministry, Beijing railway authority set up410 ticket booths at the main Beijing Railway Station and the Beijing West Railway Station. Tickets will be sold around the clock.     Deputy General Manager of the Guangzhou Railway Group Cao Jianguo asked passengers to "be patient" and "try again" with the booking telephone hot line 96020088 in Guangdong.     Nine stations in the southern province have been networked this year with the telephone hotline, which means passengers can pick up or cancel reserved tickets much more easily by showing identification.     At Guangzhou railway stations, the Guangzhou Command College of Armed Police was mobilized at seven ticket booths. They were on duty during last year's Spring Festival rush, which was aggravated by unusual snowstorms.     The Railway Ministry expects 188 million people to travel during the coming travel rush, up 8 percent from last year, with daily traffic expected to hit 4.7 million people.     Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai and Hangzhou are the "most bustling hubs" before the Spring Festival, which falls on Jan. 26,so railway authorities have added 319 temporary express passengers trains this year.     Despite these efforts, many passengers still feared that they might not be able to get tickets to get home in time.     Qiao Kejiao, a Beijing hospital clerk, said she might resort to being duty on Lunar New Year Eve and traveling on the second day, when traffic would be lighter.     In a work meeting that closed on Thursday, Railway Minister LiuZhijun attributed the annual travel ordeal to inadequate rail networks. The work meeting decided that speeding up railway construction and securing railway transportation were the ministry's priority tasks in 2009.     Liu foresaw a "historic change" in 2012 when intensive investment would extend total track mileage to 110,000 km, including 13,000 km of passenger lines on which trains could run between 200 to 350 km per hour.     The scenario does not offer any immediate comfort. Associate senior editor of the Study Times, Deng Yuwen, said the real solution was not in hardware improvement such as more tracks but in management and service.     In a column in the Shanghai-based Oriental Morning Post on Saturday, he said that the per capita railway mileage in China was only 6 cm, shorter than a cigarette.     "Even after the mileage is extended from the current 78,000 km to 110,000 km, per capita rail lines in China will only be 8.5 cm. Can we really say good-bye to ticket shortages by then?"     The real culprit, he wrote, was insufficient capacity. To improve the capacity, foreign and private capital should be introduced to break the government monopoly in railway investment, he said.     The ticket distribution system should also be streamlined to avoid the "gray zone" where so-called "contract units" such as tourism agencies and outlets take advantage of contacts to hoard tickets that are then re-sold for illegal profits.     Ticket purchases under real names, a proposal that has been repeatedly rejected by the railway authorities, could help improve management and services, he said.

BEIJING, Nov. 19 (Xinhua) -- Chinese top legislator, Wu Bangguo, met here Wednesday with visiting speaker of the Slovak National Council, Pavol Paska, calling on the two sides to step up inter-parliamentary cooperation to further boost bilateral relations.     Wu, chairman of the Standing Committee of China's National People's Congress (NPC), China's top legislature, highlighted China-Slovakia relations, noting that the ties already entered into a phase of development.     Citing Slovakia as one of the fastest growing member states in the European Union (EU) and China as the biggest developing country in the world, Wu said that the two share a solid foundation for further cooperation. Wu Bangguo, chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress(NPC), meets with Pavol Paska, the speaker of the National Council of the Slovak Republic, in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China, on Nov. 19, 2008    He added, China is willing to explore new approaches to expand cooperation in an aim to optimize the two-way trade structure and increase mutual understanding between the two businesses.     "We should give full play to the two business communities and help them promote bilateral trade relations to a higher level," Wu said.     Paska said that Slovakia attaches great importance to its ties with China and hopes to learn China's successful ways of boosting national development. It also wants to forge cooperation with China in fields such as infrastructure.     He noted that Slovakia, as a new EU member state, is willing to play a role of bridging the EU-China strategic partnership for further development, reiterating that Slovak parliament and government will continue to cohere to the one-China policy.     The two sides also exchanged their views on inter-parliamentary cooperation, agreeing to push forward collaboration among parliamentary special groups and exchanges of the young parliament members in an effort to generate contribution to the new growth of the bilateral relations.     Paska arrived here Monday for a 5-day visit to China as Wu's guest.

LIMA, Nov. 21 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao on Friday gave a brief outline of the country's future development to the business community of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).     Addressing the APEC Chief Executive Officers (CEO) Summit, Hu said China will continue to follow the Scientific Outlook on Development by putting people first and making development comprehensive, balanced and sustainable.     "We will unswervingly pursue reform, improve the socialist market economy and build systems and institutions that are dynamic, efficient, more open and conducive to scientific development," Hu said.     China will follow a new path of industrialization with Chinese characteristics and transform the mode of economic growth, he said. Chinese President Hu Jintao addresses Peruvian Congress in Lima, capital of Peru, Nov. 20, 2008. Hu said here Thursday that China is willing to make concerted efforts with Latin American countries to establish a comprehensive cooperative partnership of equality, mutual benefit and common development    Instead of relying heavily on higher consumption of resources, China will achieve development by making scientific and technological progress, improving the quality of the workforce and developing innovative management, he added.     Since the beginning of this year, China has taken robust measures to address the complex changes in the international economic environment and the severe challenges of major natural disasters.     "We have strengthened macroeconomic regulation in a timely way," Hu said, adding "The fundamentals of the Chinese economy have not changed."     "The steady and relatively faster economic development in China is in itself a major contribution to upholding international financial stability and promoting world economic development," he emphasized.     Between January and September this year, China's gross domestic product grew by 9.9 percent and the three major demands of investment, consumption and export all grew by over 20 percent.     However, since September, with the spread and development of the financial crisis, difficulties confronting China's economic development have become more and more obvious, Hu said.     The growth rate of China's export has begun to decline and industrial production and corporate profits have been adversely affected to varying degrees, he added.     "In view of this and in order to boost economic development, the Chinese government has strengthened macroeconomic regulation in a timely way and decided to follow a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy," the president said.     China has lowered the required reserve ratio, cut the deposit and lending rates and eased the corporate tax burdens, he added.     China has recently adopted even stronger measures to generate greater domestic demand, Hu said.     He said the central government has decided to invest an additional 100 billion yuan (14.6 billion U.S. dollars) this year to accelerate projects related to people's livelihood, infrastructure, the eco-environment and post-disaster reconstruction.     This is expected to generate a total of 400 billion yuan (58.4 billion dollars) of investment nationwide, he pointed out, adding between the fourth quarter this year and the end of 2010, investment in these projects alone will reach nearly 4 trillion yuan (584 billion dollars).     Implementation of these measures will give a strong impetus to China's economic development, Hu said.     Hu arrived here on Wednesday for a state visit to Peru and the Economic Leaders' Informal Meeting of APEC scheduled for Nov. 22-23.

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BEIJING, Dec. 19 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping said here Friday that universities should pay more attention to the Communist Party of China (CPC) organ development on campus.     Party organs on campus are an important mechanism to unite and organize teachers and students, Xi said at a meeting here on CPC organ development on campus.     It will also help the universities to improve students' virtue and foster talents that fit the need of the country, he added.     Xi appreciated the great progress Chinese universities have made in developing CPC organs on campuses in the past three decades.     The CPC work shall always serve the reform and development of universities and personal development of students, he said. It should aim to maintain stability on campus and adapt to changing realities, he said.     Universities should try to recruit high-quality grassroots Party workers, who love and are good at this work, and create a favorable working and living environment for them, he said.     When it comes to the university administration, Xi said, college heads should not only have outstanding academic performance but also stand out in personal virtue and capability to manage people.

 BEIJING, Jan. 7 (Xinhua) -- China hopes to work with the United States to maintain a healthy and stable relationship which benefits the people of both countries and the world, said Chinese State Councilor Dai Bingguo on Wednesday.     "Sino-U.S. relations are at a crucial point linking the past to the future," Dai told the U.S. Deputy Secretary of State John D. Negroponte, who was here to honor the 30th anniversary of Sino-U.S. relations.     Dai said China and the U.S. shared common interests and consolidated a strategic foundation. This paved the way for further development of the relationship.     He summarized four achievements in Sino-U.S. relations made during the Bush administration.     --The two countries confirmed the relationship as stakeholders and constructive cooperators.     --The two heads of state maintained frequent contacts.     --High-level strategic dialogues were institutionalized to promote mutual trust and cooperation.     --Cooperation in all areas deepened such as major international and regional issues.     "Sino-U.S. relations have made remarkable progress over the past three decades and this linked the two countries closely," Dai said.     Negroponte said both the U.S. and China were important countries in the world and needed more dialogue and cooperation to safeguard global security and stability.     The strategic dialogue and the strategic and economic dialogue were two effective mechanisms and should be continued, he said.

JINGGANGSHAN, Jiangxi Province, Jan. 25 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao visited the eastern province of Jiangxi on Saturday and Sunday, calling on revolutionary veterans and model workers ahead of the Lunar New Year, China's most important holiday for family gatherings. It was the sixth year in a row that the president spent the holiday outside Beijing with ordinary citizens.     Hu, also general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, visited veterans who had served in the Red Army and people in the city of Jinggangshan. Chinese President Hu Jintao (C) talks with revolutionary veterans, their descendants, and local work models in Jinggangshan City, east China's Jiangxi Province, Jan. 24, 2009, ahead of the Chinese Lunar New Year, China's most important holiday for family gatherings    Jinggangshan was a famous revolutionary base where Mao Zedong led the Red Army to fight against his enemies during wartime.     During Hu's visit to Huangyangjie, a famous battlefield near Jinggangshan, and a revolution museum in the city, Hu called on local work models, veterans and their descendants, and inquired about their livelihood.     He said the veterans fought alongside the CPC and Chairman Mao, and had made outstanding contributions to China's revolution.     The work models had also offered remarkable service in building Jinggangshan city, he said. Chinese President Hu Jintao (C) grinds soybean to make bean curd as he visits a farmer named Wu Jianzhong and his family in a village of Xiaping Township, east China's Jiangxi Province, Jan. 25, 2009, ahead of the Chinese Lunar New Year, China's most important holiday for family gatherings "The Party and the Chinese people will never forget your contributions," Hu said.     Hu said currently the Party and all ethnic groups in China were striving to maintain a steady and relatively fast economic development and build a well-off society.     The country should learn from the Jinggangshan people in dealing with the difficult situation, and turn the current challenges into opportunities for the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics, Hu said.     Last year, Hu went to Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region which was severely hit by snow storms before the Lunar New Year, and helped with disaster relief work in the city of Guilin and the county of Ziyuan.

临沧治疗早泄的中医

LIMA, Nov. 23 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao said Sunday that China and Russia should strengthen strategic coordination at a time when the global political and economic structures are undergoing the most profound changes since the end of the Cold War.     Hu made the remarks at a meeting with his Russian counterpart Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of the 16th Economic Leaders' Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in Lima, Peru.     China and Russia should make concerted efforts to overcome the impact of the ongoing global financial crisis, maintain the sound momentum of their economic growth, and push ahead with reforms of the international financial system, the Chinese president said. Chinese President Hu Jintao (R) shakes hands with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev during their meeting in Lima, capital of Peru, Nov. 23, 2008.    Hu also called for efforts to earnestly carry out the outline on implementing the Sino-Russian Good-Neighborly Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation.     The two nations should enhance consultation on strategic security, and conduct timely exchanges of views on major international and regional issues and coordinate their positions, Hu said.     On issues related to their core interests, China and Russia should continue to strengthen mutual support and coordination, he added.     Efforts should also be made to combine the development of the Sino-Russian strategic cooperative partnership with market-oriented policies, so as to further promote their pragmatic cooperation in various fields, he said.     As for the Six-Party Talks on the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula, Hu urged relevant parties to continue to strengthen coordination and cooperation, push forward the talks and strive for the gradual establishment of a mechanism for peace and security in Northeast Asia.     He expressed China's support for Russia's role as an initiator in the establishment of the mechanism, adding that the two countries should also enhance coordination in promoting regional economic cooperation.     Medvedev said the two countries should strengthen strategic consultation on issues relating to peace and security across the world and in the Asia-Pacific region.     Russia is willing to strengthen consultation and cooperation with China in jointly coping with the global financial crisis, the Russian president said.     The financial departments of the two countries could hold a meeting at an appropriate time to discuss how to implement the results of the financial summit of the G20 held a week ago in Washington and those of the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting, he said.     On the Six-Party Talks, the Russian president said relevant parties should properly handle their differences and make efforts to push forward the talks and promote peace and security in Northeast Asia.

BEIJING, Oct. 22 (Xinhua) - Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and visiting Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen on Wednesday agreed to establish comprehensive strategic partnership between the two nations.     Wen told Rasmussen during their talks that both sides shared strong desire to lift the level of the bilateral mutually-beneficial cooperation, since the Sino-Danish relations had become more mature after experiencing 58 years' development.     Denmark was one of the first western nations to recognize the People's Republic of China, and the two peoples enjoyed profound friendship, Wen noted.     China applauded Denmark's adherence to one-China policy, and was ready to work with the country to increase mutual trust, expand cooperation in science, technology, environmental protection, energy, innovation, culture and other areas, he said. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao (3rd L back) and Denish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen (2nd L back) attend the signing ceremony between the two countries in Beijing, capital of China, Oct. 22, 2008    The premier hoped that the two nations would improve their capacity of promoting economic growth and resisting risks through the increase of bilateral cooperation.     China paid high attention to the 15th Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Copenhagen next year, Wen said, noting that China would, in line with the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, make efforts to push forward related international cooperation in this area to achieve positive progress.     Rasmussen said Denmark attached great importance to building the comprehensive strategic partnership with China, and hoped to enhance the bilateral cooperation in environment, renewable energy resources, education, research and other fields.     Denmark was ready to strengthen cooperation with China to jointly safeguard the stability of the international financial market, the prime minister said.     The country would also increase cooperation with China in response to climate change, he noted.     The two nations signed documents to enhance bilateral cooperation in climate change, renewable energy resources, science, technology and innovation. The two prime ministers attended the signing ceremony of the agreements.     Rasmussen was here for a six-day official visit to China and for the seventh Asia-Europe Meeting scheduled for Oct. 24-25.

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CHENGDU, Dec. 29 (Xinhua) -- President Hu Jintao visited quake-hit Sichuan Province over the weekend, showing concern for survivors and inspecting reconstruction work as winter set in.     It was Hu's second visit after the May 12 earthquake. Hu's last visit was on May 16, when quake relief work was in a critical phase.     The 8.0-magnitude quake, centered in Wenchuan County, left more than 69,000 people dead, 374,000 injured, 18,000 missing and millions homeless. Chinese President Hu Jintao visits students and teachers at Guixi Middle School in Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County, southwest China's Sichuan Province, Dec. 27, 2008. President Hu Jintao visited quake-hit Sichuan Province on Dec. 27-29, showing concern for survivors and inspecting reconstruction work.     From Saturday to Monday, Hu visited reconstruction sites, factories, villages, resettlement centers, schools and clinics in battered Mianyang, Deyang, Chengdu and Aba, giving residents and those helping with rebuilding work new year's greetings.     In villages and resettlement centers, Hu went into homes and even the kitchens and bedrooms of local people to see if they were warm enough and well-fed.     "The most important thing is to make sure all people are housed, have clothes and quilts to resist the cold, have enough food for the winter and coming spring, and medical service and epidemic prevention are in place," he said.     At Caijiagang Village, Wenchuan, Hu asked villager Ma Xizhi to be aware of safety problems in using electricity and fire and told local officials to respect farmers' will in building new homes with government subsidies.     At Guixi Middle School in Beichuan County, the president encouraged the students to study hard to repay society's concern. Chinese President Hu Jintao (L Front) shakes hands with a woman as he visits residents of the Xingfu Community in Dujiangyan City, southwest China's Sichuan Province, Dec. 28, 2008. President Hu Jintao visited quake-hit Sichuan Province on Dec. 27-29, showing concern for survivors and inspecting reconstruction work.     He told workers who were rebuilding the school to ensure the quality of the buildings and make them safe and solid.     Hu also inspected the progress of industrial and agricultural reconstruction in the quake areas.     At Dongfang Steam Turbine Works, a large state-owned enterprise, he asked about losses and the recovery of production, urging the employees to speed up the reconstruction and develop the facility into a world-class electric equipment manufacturer.     Many Dongfang employees were killed in the quake. Hu told the officials to pay visits to victims' families during the upcoming festivals and help them solve problems.     The central government has introduced policies to support agricultural recovery, Hu said at a herb production base in Huaxi Village, Dujiangyan. He encouraged growers to make good use of these policies and technology to recover losses from the quake.     The president also expressed respect to workers at reconstruction sites. In Hanwang Township, he praised workers for their hard work and encouraged them to live up to the expectations of the quake region and get their jobs done with high quality and efficiency. Chinese President Hu Jintao (R Front) shakes hands with a woman as he visits workers and inspects production at Dongfang Steam Turbine Works in Hanwang Township of Mianzhu City, southwest China's Sichuan Province, Dec. 28, 2008. President Hu Jintao visited quake-hit Sichuan Province on Dec. 27-29, showing concern for survivors and inspecting reconstruction work.     With the accelerating reconstruction work, demand for construction materials has grown. Hu visited a supply station in Dujiangyan, urging abundant supply and stable prices to serve local needs.     En route to Yingxiu Township, Hu encountered dozens of military vehicles transporting reconstruction material to the quake zone, part of the Chengdu Military District's 1,000-vehicle logistics task force.     Hu praised the soldiers for their contribution to the quake relief and reconstruction, asking them to overcome difficulties and finish the job.     While in Sichuan, Hu also met with provincial officials, encouraging them to fully implement the central government's reconstruction policies.     He told them to put people first, respect nature and seek a balance in speed and quality in rebuilding.     The great quake relief spirits formed in China's fight against the tremendous disaster are very precious, he said, urging the promotion of such spirits among officials at a time of difficulty as an inspiration.

BEIJING, Nov. 2 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao and Tongan King Taufa'ahau Tupou V exchanged congratulatory messages on Sunday to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the establishment of bilateral diplomatic relations.     Hu said in the message that the establishment of diplomatic ties between the two countries on Nov. 2, 1998 opened a new chapter in bilateral relations.     Over the past 10 years, the bilateral ties have been continuously solidified and strengthened, he added.     Hu said the establishment and development of bilateral ties have brought real benefits to the two peoples and promoted the stability and development of the Pacific Islands Region.     China is willing to make joint efforts with Tonga, on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, to further strengthen bilateral exchanges and cooperation, boost the two peoples' friendship and understanding and lift China-Tonga friendly and cooperative ties to a higher level, thus making new contribution to the stability, development and progress of the two countries and the region as a whole, he said.     Tupou V said it was farsighted for former King Taufa'ahau TupouIV to make the decision to build diplomatic ties with China 10 years ago.     The development of the ties has benefited the two peoples greatly, he said, adding the Tongan government will continue to abide by the one-China policy.