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BEIJING, Dec. 8 (Xinhua) -- China's annual Central Economic Work Conference opened here Monday to set tone for the economic development next year.     Observers believed the three-day event would give priority to efforts to maintain stable economic growth.     They reckoned in 2009, China would see more risks for worse economic slowdown, more struggling smaller businesses, grim export situation and arduous task of transformation of economic growth pattern.     "It is imperative for China to maintain an economic growth of at least 8 percent," said Zhuang Jian, senior economist with Asian Development Bank's China Resident Mission.     It was hard for China to bear the consequences of a too slow GDP growth, Zhuang added, citing bankruptcy of numerous enterprises, more migrant workers being laid off and difficulties for college graduates to find jobs.     China's macro-economic policies experienced a dramatic adjustment-- from "preventing economic overheating and curbing inflation" at the beginning of this year to "maintaining growth through expanding domestic demand" at present. In the first three quarters, the nation saw its GDP growth slowed to a single-digit rate for the first time over the past five years, thanks partly to macro-economic control efforts and the ongoing financial woes worldwide.     "The Chinese economy has suspended continuous heating and proceeded into a period of slow down," Zhang Liqun, a researcher with the macro economy department under the Development Research Center of the State Council, commented.     "The slowdown was worse than expected," said Ma Jiantang, head of the National Bureau of Statistics.     Data from the bureau showed that the country's GDP growth was 10.6 percent in the first quarter, 10.1 percent in the second, and9 percent in the third.     President Hu Jintao said at the end of November that the Chinese economy was pressurized by global economic downturn, obvious ebbing of demand from abroad and weakening of the country's traditional competitive edge.     "Impact from the international financial tsunami on the Chinese economy has begun to show up, and to deepen into various sectors of the real economy," said Wang Yiming, deputy head of the macro economic research institute of the National Development and Reform Commission.     Since mid October, the Central Government has promulgated a string of policies and measures to prevent the national economy from sliding drastically. They included end of a tight monetary policy and commencement of a moderately easy one, shifting the fiscal policy from "prudent" to "active", starting projects to improve infrastructure and promote people's livelihood, and, expanding domestic demand.     The People's Bank of China announced tax exemptions and downpayment cuts as of Oct. 27 to boost the falling real estate sector. The minimum downpayment for a first-time buyer of a residence smaller than 90 square meters was reduced to 20 percent from 30 percent.     Interest rates on mortgages for first-time buyers were cut 0.27percentage point. The floor for interest rates was lowered to 70 percent of the central bank's benchmark rate.     The central bank cut benchmark interest rates by 0.27 percentage point as of Oct. 30, the third such move in six weeks.     The benchmark one-year deposit rate dropped to 3.60 percent from 3.87 percent, while the benchmark one-year lending rate fell from 6.93 percent to 6.66 percent.     Tax rebates were raised for 3,486 export items as of Nov. 1. The adjustment covered such labor-intensive industries as textiles, toys, garments, and high-tech products, accounting for 25.8 percent of products covered by customs tariffs. Rebate rates run roughly from 9 percent to 14 percent.     On Nov. 9, state councilors announced a four-trillion-yuan (583.9 billion U.S. dollars) economic-stimulus package, which was seen as the most exciting stimuli in 10 years.     To boost consumption, particularly in the rural areas where 900 million people inhabited, was important part of efforts to expand domestic demand, observers believed.     China has launched a scheme to subsidize rural residents for buying home appliances since the end of 2007. It is estimated that in a period of four years, nearly 480 million units of refrigerators, washing machines, color TV sets and cell phones, which were in huge demand among farmers, will be sold in rural areas nationwide. That means 920 billion yuan to be spent by rural consumers.     "There is still a large room for the government to mull more policies to boost consumption, such as raising the threshold for taxable income and increasing income for lower-income earners," said Cai Zhizhou, an economist with the prestigious Peking University.     Export has since long been a major driving force for the Chinese economy. Economists believed the stable development of smaller enterprises, particularly the exporters, which provided jobs for 75 percent of urban employees and rural migrant workers, was related to the stability of the enormous Chinese labor market.     How to prevent export from sliding down too fast is one of the top concerns of the Chinese government.     "It is no doubt that China's export situation will become more grim next year. However, if the country manages to maintain a moderately fast growth in foreign sales of machines and electronics, it will likely achieve a growth of more than 15 percent in export at large," said Mei Xinyu, a trade expert with the Ministry of Commerce.     China has taken a string of measures to boost development of smaller enterprises.     "It is necessary for the government to work out more detailed, effective methods to mitigate tax burdens and enhance credit support for smaller businesses, and to help them with their efforts to promote technical upgrading and explore more markets," said Zhao Yumin, another economist with the Ministry of Commerce.     The service sector, which was able to provide numerous jobs, was yet to be expanded substantially, Zhao added.     Zhang Xiaojing, a senior economist with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said that it was definitely wrong for China to waive long-term goals for short-term interests. He believed that to promote the shift of economic growth pattern and maintain the sustainable economic growth would be one of the important topics for the ongoing Central Economic Work Conference.

BEIJING, Dec. 27 (Xinhua) -- "Our confidence to face the global financial crisis should rely on science, knowledge and talented people," Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao said Saturday.     He made the remark during a visit to Beijing-based Zhongguancun Science Park, known as China's Silicon Valley.     "I'm here to consult you on how to let science and technology play a good role for us to not only handle the current difficulties but lay a foundation for long-run development," said the premier. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao takes group photos with UFIDA Software staff during his visit to Beijing-based Zhongguancun Science Park, known as China's Silicon Valley, Dec. 27, 2008.     Wen visited a number of high-tech companies and met with scientists and officials, in the company of Beijing's Communist Party chief Liu Qi and Beijing Mayor Guo Jinlong.     The government has launched a series of measures to deal with the current global financial crisis. They gave greater importance to the power of knowledge, science and technology which have far-reaching effects, Wen said.     "In front of the crisis, everybody should stand up and be brave to take his responsibility," Wen emphasized.     He urged scientists to help domestic enterprises resolve difficulties, improve management, develop new products and create new technology.     The science park is celebrating the 20th anniversary of its founding this year.

BEIJING, Dec. 14 (Xinhua) -- Chinese media selected the 10 most popular phrases from the past three decades to mark the official 30th anniversary of China's reform and opening up, which falls on this month.     When China began to reform and open-up 30 years ago, people began experiencing, seeing and doing new things. In fact things were so new, they needed to create new words to describe what was happening.     In order of popularity, starting with number one:     "Go in for business"     In the 1980s when China was starting to transition from a planned economy to a market economy, it had a two-track pricing system (official and market prices) for industrial raw materials, including steel, non-ferrous metals, timber and coal.     Seeing business opportunities within the pricing system, many people, especially government employees and those from state-run factories or institutes, quit their jobs to open their own businesses.     "Going for business" was often used to refer to the phenomena of people breaking away from the constraints of a planned system to embrace the market economy. 　　"Be laid off and get re-employed"     To adapt to the market economy and improve competitiveness of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the 1990s, China began restructuring.     "Encouraging mergers, standardizing bankruptcy, laying off and reassigning redundant workers, streamlining for higher efficiency" was a guideline in the SOEs reforms.     No official statistics show how many workers were laid off during that period, but experts estimate the number could be tens of millions.     To avoid social unrest and help most of those workers find new jobs, the Chinese central government offered occupational trainings, small loans and preferential tax policies.     "Migrant worker"     China's reform and opening-up drive started in rural areas in 1978 with collectively-owned farmland contracted to individual families. This freed about 100 million peasants from farm work.     However, most of these people were tied to the countryside by a residence-based rationing system for virtually everything, including food. About 63 million of these former farmers were given jobs in village-run enterprises that mushroomed in those days.     A policy change in 1984 allowed them to find jobs in cities but the massive migration of rural laborers didn't start until after China decided to move to a market economy in 1992.     The rapid inflow of investors created many construction, factory and mining jobs, most of which urban dwellers consider too tiring or dirty.     The number of migrants grew from 60 million in 1992 to 120 million in 2003 and 210 million this year, according to central government figures.     The work of the migrant population has generated 21 percent of China's gross domestic product in the past 30 years, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has found. But migrant workers face various problems, including delayed pay schedules, no or low work-place injury compensation, lack of health care and little schooling for their children.     "It doesn't matter if a cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice."     This sentence was used by late leader Deng Xiaoping, chief architect of China's reform and opening-up, on different occasions to clear up doubts as to whether the economic reform was capitalist or socialist.     The sentence helped stop ideological arguments at the early stage of reform and encouraged generations of Chinese to pursue their dreams in the market economy. 　　"Surfing the Internet"     The Internet was introduced in China more than 10 years ago. It quickly gained popularity and impacted society.     While online music, instant communication services, video streaming and online games greatly entertained millions of Chinese, the Internet also became a powerful news medium where information was disclosed, shared and publicized quickly.     Through June, China had 221 million netizens, according to the Data Center of China Internet (DCCI). The netizen population, which had already surpassed that of the United States to become the world's largest, would increase to 263 million by the end of this year, DCCI forecasted.     E-commerce transactions amounted to 2 trillion yuan (about 300 billion U.S. dollars) in 2007 and 25 percent of netizens had bought something online after "surfing the Internet" as of June this year. 　　"Reform and opening-up"     In 1978, a group of villagers from Xiaogang village in eastern Anhui Province decided to adopt a household contract responsibility system, which entrusted the management and production of public owned farmland to individual households through long-term contracts.     Later the system, described by then Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping as "a great invention of Chinese farmers", was widely adopted across the country and triggered economic reform.     Over the past 30 years, the country witnessed significant changes in comprehensive national strength, people's living standards and international influence thanks to the reform and opening-up policy.     China's share of the world's combined gross output rose to 6 percent at the end of 2007, compared with just 1.8 percent in 1978when its reform and opening-up began, according to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS).     Fast economic growth over the past 30 years lifted China's GDP ranking in the world from 10th in 1978 to fourth after the United States, Japan and Germany     According to the NBS, China's per capita income jumped to 2,360U.S. dollars in 2007 from 190 U.S. dollars in 1978.     "Beijing Olympic Games"     Many believe that without opening-up, it would be impossible for China to host the 2008 Beijing Olympics.     The Games, commended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Jacques Rogge as "truly exceptional", were seen by the world as China's come-of-age show on the international stage.     China grabbed a total of 100 medals at the Beijing Games -- a coincidence as the country dreamt for 100 years to be the Olympic host -- and overtook the United States to top the gold medal count with 51.     As the most watched Games in history, with an estimated 4.5 billion TV and Internet viewers, the Beijing Olympics attracted the most participants, who were from a record 204 countries and regions.     "Speculate in stocks"     In 1990, China opened its first stock exchange in Shanghai, the country's industrial and financial center. In 1991, it set up its second bourse in Shenzhen, the country's first special economic zone.     China witnessed waves of stock crazes over the years and fluctuations in the stock market touch the nerves of millions of Chinese.     In 2007, the country saw a bull stock market, with the key benchmark Shanghai Composite Index soaring from 2,728 points in January to 5,261 points, or 92.85 percent, on December 28.     In fact, the market has been on a bullish run for 29 months from June 6, 2005 to November 2007, longer than the general bullish market cycle of 17 to 24 months.     But it has dipped since last November.     "Chinese characteristics"     The phrase became well-known as an answer by late leader Deng to the question of how China could improve its productivity and people's lives with its less-developed economy.     Deng's answer was "to build socialism with Chinese characteristics". It means China has its own way of development rather than copying other countries' experiences.     The phrase is frequently quoted by the Chinese and used in China's official documents.     "Rise abruptly"     The phrase, or "Xiong Qi" in Chinese meaning "Go! Go!", is a dialect of southwest China's Sichuan Province. It was originally used by football fans to inspire teams in the 1990s.     The phrase soon became popular among the Chinese public and was used widely outside the sports field to encourage people to keep up their spirits.     After the May 12 earthquake in Sichuan, Chinese used the phrase to show their care and support to the quake-affected areas and people.     The 10 phrases were selected by 15 Chinese media, including the Beijing Evening News, the Shanghai Evening Post, the Tianjin-based Jin Wan Bao, the Guangzhou-based Yangcheng Evening News and the Shanxi Evening News.     Newspapers, which are based in 15 provinces and municipalities, started soliciting catch phrases from the public in October, according to the Beijing Evening News.     The list, voted on by readers and netizens, was publicized in Shanghai on Saturday.

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BEIJING, Nov. 15 (Xinhua) -- Chen Jian, Chinese vice Commerce Minister said here on Saturday that the country would provide better development conditions for foreign multinational corporations (MNCs).     "China would ramp up efforts to create better legal protection, policy support, market environment and growth opportunities for them," Chen said at the 2nd International CEO Roundtable of Chinese and Foreign MNCs.     He said global investors' confidence would not recover in a short period of time amid the financial turmoil and predicted the combined foreign direct investment (FDI) globally could possibly decrease by 10 to 30 percent.     Figures revealed that FDI in China expanded by 35.06 percent in the first 10 months year on year to 81.1 billion U.S. dollars.     However, FDI in China stood at 6.72 billion U.S. dollars last month, down by 2.02 percent year on year. This was the first time that China saw negative FDI growth this year.     Chen added that although the current financial turmoil would brought some challenges to Chinese economy, China still boasts the potential of stable and relatively fast economic growth

Wu Bangguo (C), chairman of the Standing Committee of China's National People's Congress (NPC), holds the First plenary session of the sixth session of the 11th NPC Standing Committee at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China, on Dec. 22, 2008.     BEIJING, Dec. 22 (Xinhua) -- China announced plans Monday to establish a social security number system for the welfare of its citizens.     The draft of the social insurance law was discussed by the Standing Committee of the 11th National People's Congress, the country's top legislature, on Monday.     The draft said China would establish a standard social security number system across the nation by using each citizen's current identification card number.     The social insurance fund will be categorized into endowment insurance, medical insurance, insurance against injury at work, unemployment insurance and childbirth insurance, the draft said.     Currently, China's social insurance fund is managed by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and its branches in provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions.     According to the country's labor law, the funding of endowment, medical and unemployment insurance is raised by both individuals and their employers. Workplace injury and childbirth insurance have to be paid by employers.     A series of social insurance fund embezzlement scandals have been exposed in China since 1998. More than 16 billion yuan (about2.3 billion U.S. dollars) was embezzled.     The new social insurance law's draft said any individual or organization has a right to complain or report illegalities about the social insurance fund. The measure is an endeavor to invite more supervision of the citizen's basic security.     The draft also determined that a new type of rural medical system, in which farmers and governments raise funds together, would be included in the medical insurance.     Governments will cover medical insurance expenses for citizens who live on low-income subsidies, have serious disabilities or are older than 60 years, the draft said.

BEIJING, Nov. 8 (Xinhua) -- China's first non-governmental community foundation, the Arcadia Public Welfare Foundation, was launched at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on Saturday.     The foundation was established with 100 million yuan (about 14.65 million U.S. dollars) donated by Shenzhen Airtown (Eastern) Industrial Co. Ltd. and Shenzhen Arcadia Real Estate Group.     "In the past, it was largely the government that took care of China's communities, but now social groups are playing a vigorous part," said Wang Jinhua, an official in charge of community construction of the Ministry of Civil Affairs.     Arcadia, a residential community built on landfill in Shenzhen, the city that was China's window of reform and opening-up, has received domestic and overseas habitat awards since 2005.     Li Aijun, board chairman of the Shenzhen Arcadia Real Estate Group, said the foundation planned to provide financial aid for community welfare projects, such as senior citizens' housing, schools, recreation facilities and environmental protection teams.     The first project will help a local hospital improve community health care and provide free exams.

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Wu Bangguo (C), chairman of the Standing Committee of China's National People's Congress (NPC), holds the First plenary session of the sixth session of the 11th NPC Standing Committee at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China, on Dec. 22, 2008.     BEIJING, Dec. 22 (Xinhua) -- China announced plans Monday to establish a social security number system for the welfare of its citizens.     The draft of the social insurance law was discussed by the Standing Committee of the 11th National People's Congress, the country's top legislature, on Monday.     The draft said China would establish a standard social security number system across the nation by using each citizen's current identification card number.     The social insurance fund will be categorized into endowment insurance, medical insurance, insurance against injury at work, unemployment insurance and childbirth insurance, the draft said.     Currently, China's social insurance fund is managed by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and its branches in provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions.     According to the country's labor law, the funding of endowment, medical and unemployment insurance is raised by both individuals and their employers. Workplace injury and childbirth insurance have to be paid by employers.     A series of social insurance fund embezzlement scandals have been exposed in China since 1998. More than 16 billion yuan (about2.3 billion U.S. dollars) was embezzled.     The new social insurance law's draft said any individual or organization has a right to complain or report illegalities about the social insurance fund. The measure is an endeavor to invite more supervision of the citizen's basic security.     The draft also determined that a new type of rural medical system, in which farmers and governments raise funds together, would be included in the medical insurance.     Governments will cover medical insurance expenses for citizens who live on low-income subsidies, have serious disabilities or are older than 60 years, the draft said.

BEIJING, Oct. 30 (Xinhua) -- China will adopt preferential fiscal and investment policies to boost economic development and trade in border areas, said the Ministry of Finance (MOF) on Thursday.     As of Nov. 1, residents who live in the border will be exempted from taxation of the daily necessities such as food and cloth costing in total no more than 8,000 yuan (1,171.3 U.S. dollars) per individual in one day.     Fiscal departments at all levels of government will allocate funds to support enterprises that engage in small-amount trade in border areas as of Nov. 1. But the MOF didn't reveal how much money would be allocated.     The amount of the fund is expected to increase every year, and no limitation was set on the period, said the MOF

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KUNMING, Jan. 3 (Xinhua) -- The Yunnan section of the Sino-Vietnam land boundary demarcation project has ended with 665 boundary tablets erected, an official with the foreign affairs office of southwest China's Yunnan Province said here on Saturday.     During the past eight years, six Chinese teams cooperated with their Vietnamese counterparts and demarcated the borders of Jiangcheng, Jinping, Hekou, Maguan, Malipo and Funing.     All the land border demarcation work in the Yunnan area was completed on Dec. 20, in accordance with the "Vietnam-China Land Border Treaty."     Large boundary tablets were established on Hekou's roads, rail terminal and harbor along the Yunnan section of the border.     The completion of the task represents a major step in Sino-Vietnamese relations.     China and Vietnam exchanged views on Wednesday on solving the remaining issues connected to border demarcation and erecting border markers, reached an agreement and issued a joint statement.

BEIJING, Oct. 27 (Xinhua) -- General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee Hu Jintao has urged Party schools at all levels to play more important roles in the Party and country's development.     Hu, also Chinese President and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, made the remark when he gave a keynote speech to a meeting attended by delegates of the Party schools across the country in Beijing on Monday. General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee Hu Jintao (C), also Chinese President and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, gives a keynote speech to a meeting attended by delegates of the Party schools across the country in Beijing, capital of China, Oct. 27, 2008. Xi Jinping (2nd L), president of the Party School of the CPC Central Committee and also member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, chaired the meeting. Senior leaders Li Changchun (2nd R), He Guoqiang (1st R) and Zhou Yongkang (1st L) also attended the meetingIn his speech, Hu stressed that to deal with various challenges and problems foreign and domestic, the Party and the government need a large number of officials who are capable, clean-handed and whom the people could trust.     "Party schools at all levels have an important responsibility in training and improving official's capabilities," Hu said in his speech. "Party committees at all levels should regard the Party school construction as one of the fundamental works."     Hu urged Party schools to adopt reforms and innovative policies in improving their qualities of education.     Party schools should act as a main channel for the Party to train officials on a large scale and increase their abilities to take both foreign and domestic situations into policy making, Hu said.     Party schools should also help the officials improve their abilities to govern the Party itself and resolve its internal problems, he added.     He said that Party schools should act as an important theoretical academy of the Communist Party.     Party schools are expected to provide theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics and make the theories understandable, acceptable and adoptable for the officials.     Innovation in socialism theories should be an essential job for the Party schools, Hu said in the speech, adding that the schools should also unite theories with practice and serve the Party and governments at all levels in decision making.     Another important role that the Party schools should play is imparting modern scientific knowledge, Hu said.     Party schools should cultivate officials with more loyalty to the Party, he said.     Xi Jinping, president of the Party School of the CPC Central Committee and also member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, chaired the meeting. Senior leaders Li Changchun, He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang also attended the meeting.